History

Subject abbreviations: HISA, HISE, HIST College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences

David A. Biggs, Ph.D., Chair Department Office, 1212 Humanities and Social Sciences

• (951) 827-1438; history.ucr.edu

Professors William Bauer, Ph.D. David A. Biggs, Ph.D. Alejandra Dubcovsky, Ph.D. Steven W. Hackel, Ph.D. Jennifer Hughes, Ph.D. Georg B. Michels, Ph.D. Michele R. Salzman, Ph.D. Kiril Tomoff, Ph.D. Clifford E. Trafzer, Ph.D. Rupert Costo Chair in American Indian Affairs Fariba Zarinebaf, Ph.D. Catherine Gudis, Ph.D.

Professors Emeriti Lynda S. Bell, Ph.D. James P. Brennan, Ph.D. Lucille Chia, Ph.D. Thomas Cogswell, Ph.D. Carlos E. Cortés, Ph.D. V.P. Franklin, Ph.D. Ann E. Goldberg, Ph.D. Piotr S. Gorecki, Ph.D. Randolph C. Head, Ph. D. Professor of the Graduate Division Ray A. Kea, Ph.D. Dale V. Kent, Ph.D. Brian D. Lloyd, Ph.D. Robert W. Patch, Ph.D. Roger L. Ransom, Ph.D. Norman Ravitch, Ph.D. Mack E. Thompson, Ph.D. Ronald C. Tobey, Ph.D. Devra A. Weber, Ph.D. Charles Wetherell, Ph.D.

Associate Professors Megan Asaka, Ph.D. Jonathan P. Eacott, Ph.D. Charles Denver Graninger, Ph.D. Alexander B. Haskell, Ph.D. Rebecca Kugel, Ph.D. Philipp Lehmann, Ph.D. Juliette Levy, Ph.D. Molly McGarry, Ph.D. Ademide Adelusi-Adeluyi, Ph.D. Jody A. Benjamin, Ph.D. Antoine Lentaker, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor Xiao Chen, Ph.D. Jorge Leal, Ph.D. John Marquez, Ph.D. Natasha McPherson, Ph.D. Juan Manuel Rubio, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Teaching Kendra Gage, Ph.D.

Visiting Assistant Professor Benjamin Sullivan, Ph.D. Yasmina Martin, Ph.D.

History plays a central role in general education for all undergraduate students. History stresses an understanding of changes that take place in society over time. It also provides a meaning to the past that has many implications for the future. Through the study of history, we can greatly broaden our learning by understanding the experience of others, removed in time and distant in space from our immediate world. The study of history is as useful as it is fascinating. History majors develop an ability to communicate well, both orally and in writing, and the capacity to think clearly and analytically. Whatever one’s goals, history is an important component of any degree program.

History/Administrative Studies Major The History/Administrative Studies major is designed to combine the discipline of History, with its emphasis on changes in society over time, with the study of administrative behavior, the development of public policy, and the tools of decision making. The addition of an Administrative Studies component provides History majors with analytical administrative skills as well as familiarity with the theories and policies of public administration. The concepts of organizational behavior and decision making, when combined with the perspectives provided through the History major, ought to be of particular value to those planning to enter careers in business; federal, state, or local levels of public or private administration; government work or to those planning to attend a professional school of administration or to those utilizing the major in a variety of positions in the public or private sector. (See also the Public History Program, which outlines public sector careers in History.)

History/Law and Society Major The History/Law and Society major is designed to offer students the opportunity to combine the study of history, with its emphasis on changes over time in society, politics, the economy, and culture, with the study of legal and law-like relationships and institutions. The coherent series of courses included in this major ought to be of particular value to those intending to study law or to enter other graduate fields as well as to those planning professional careers in government, public administration, business, or other areas where the relationship between history and the law is of significance.

A major in history prepares students for a broad range of general careers in public history, museums, archives, business, education, government work, and foreign affairs that ask for written and verbal skills developed in the major. History is an excellent preparation for graduate study in this field as well as professional schools such as law, library, and business administration.

See Undergraduate Studies section.

See College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, Colleges and Programs section.

The History Department offers the B.A. degree in History, History/Administrative Studies, and History/Law and Society. The course offerings in the Department of History are designed to bring about an understanding of the forces that have shaped people and societies across time and space. A student electing major in History will receive a broad education that debelops analytical skills and fosters a critical understanding of ourselves and our world through the study of the past – both the "deep past" and the more recent past.

Students seeking deeper engagement in reser- ach may choose the 'With Distinction' option described below.

Change of Major Students switching to the History Major must have completed two History courses with a grade of “C” or better. Students switching to the History/Administrative Studies, or the History/Law and Society Major must have completed three History courses with a grade of “C” or better. Advanced Placement units earned can be applied towards one course when determining major change eligibility.

The B.A. degree in History requires satisfactory completion of 52 units as follows:

• 1. Lower-division requirements (20 units):

• a) one world history course (4 units)

• b) HIST 99W (with at least a grade of “C”)

(4 units)

• c) Three lower division elective courses in

History (12 units).

• 2. Upper-division requirements (24 units):

• a) Six upper-division elective courses in

History (24 units). Among all the vari- ous courses selected there must be at least one course in areas beyond the United States or Europe, one course in areas within the United States or Europe, and one course temporally rooted before 1800.

• b) Students are encouraged to include one

HIST 197 Research for Undergraduate seminar (4 units) in their courses for the upper-division requirement, in addition to the seminar requirement below.

• 3. Seminar Requirement (8 units):

• a) Eight (8) units from the following

seminar courses: HIST 001 (Historian as Detective,) HIST 197 (Research for Undergraduates), HIST 195A/B (Senior Thesis), and HIST 199/199H (taken in connection with a HIST 197 seminar).

• b) In choosing HIST 197 seminars,

students should select sections whose theme pertains to upper-division courses they have already taken.

Students who wish to be recognized as completing the B.A. degree with distinction normally complete HIST 195A and HIST 195B, the two-quarter Senior Thesis. Majors who complete HIST 197 followed by a connected HIST 199 or 199H, or who complete HNPG 195 and whose senior thesis is accepted by the University Honors Program are also eligible. The B.A. degree with distinction also requires a minimum 3.5 GPA in the major at the time of graduation.

Lower-division courses taken elsewhere may be counted toward the lower-division require- ment; up to four advanced placement units earned in high school may count toward its fulfillment as well. Students may petition to apply up to two relevant upper-division courses (8 units) from other UCR departments towards the upper-division elective requirement. Please consult with the academic advisors for further details.

The major requirements for the B.A. degree in History/Administrative Studies are as follows:

History requirements (52 units):

All requirements for the B.A. in History

Administrative Studies requirements (37 units)

• 1. Lower-division courses (17 units)

• a) BUS 010, BUS 020

• b) STAT 008 or equivalent (may be used to

satisfy breadth requirements)

• c) CS 008 (may be used to satisfy breadth

requirements)

• 2. Upper-division requirements (20 units)

• a) Two courses (8 units) from the list below:

• (1) ECON 102 or ECON 103 or ECON 104A

or ECON 130 or ECON 162/BUS 162

• (2) PSYC 140 or PSYC 142

• (3) SOC 150 or SOC 151

• (4) POSC 181 or POSC 182E or POSC 182G

or POSC 183 or POSC 186

• (5) ANTH 127 or ANTH 127S or ANTH 131

These two courses must be outside the discipline of History and cannot be courses included as part of the three- course Business Administration track or their cross-listed equivalents.

• b) A three-course track (12 units) in

Business Administration courses from one of the following:

• (1) Organizations (General): BUS 100W,

BUS 107, BUS 158/ANTH 105, BUS 176/SOC 176, SOC 150, SOC 151

• (2) Human Resources Management/

Labor Relations: BUS 100W, BUS 107, BUS 121, BUS 144, BUS 145, BUS 153/ ECON 153, BUS 155, BUS 156, BUS 157, PSYC 142

• (3) Business and Society: BUS 100W,

BUS 102, BUS 107, PHIL 116, POSC 182E or POSC 182G, POSC 186

• (4) Marketing: BUS 103, and two from

BUS 111, BUS 112, BUS 113, BUS 114, BUS 115, BUS 116, BUS 117, BUS 118, BUS 119, BUS 124, BUS 126, BUS 151, BUS 152, BUS 159, BUS 164, BUS 182

• (5) Managerial Accounting/Taxation:

BUS 108, and two from BUS 166, BUS 168A, BUS 168B

• (6) Financial Accounting: BUS 108, BUS 165A, BUS 165B, BUS 165C, BUS 167

• (7) Finance: BUS 106/ECON 134 and two

from BUS 131, BUS 132, BUS 134, BUS 135, BUS 136, BUS 137, BUS 138, BUS 139 BUS 140E, BUS 141, BUS 147

• (8) Management Information Systems:

BUS 101, BUS 110, BUS 125, BUS 128 BUS 171, BUS 172, BUS 173, BUS 174, BUS 175, BUS 179

• (9) Production Management: BUS 104/

STAT 104, and two from BUS 105, BUS 122, BUS 127/STAT 127

Note In filling the dual requirements of the selected major, students may not count more than two courses toward both parts of their total requirements (History requirements and Administrative Studies requirements).

History/Law and Society Major The Law and Society major is open to under- graduate students with junior standing who have completed LWSO 100 with a grade of “C” or higher. The major requirements for the

B.A. degree in History/Law and Society are as follows:

• 1. History requirements (52 units):

All requirements for the B.A. in History

• 2. Law and Society requirements (36 units)

• a) PHIL 007 or PHIL 007H

• b) LWSO 100 (with a grade of “C” or better)

• c) One course chosen from POSC 114,

PSYC 012, SOC 004 (or equivalent course in research methods)

• d) Three courses chosen from ANTH 127,

ECON 119, HISE 153, PHIL 165, POSC 167, PSYC 175, SOC 159

• e) Two courses chosen from HISA 120A,

HISA 120B, HISE 123, LWSO 175 (E-Z), PHIL 164, POSC 111, POSC 166, POSC 168, POSC 186, SOC 147, SOC 149, SOC 180

• f) LWSO 193, Senior Seminar

Note For sections 2.d) and 2.e) combined, not more than two courses may be taken from the same department. In filling the dual requirements of the major, students may not count more than two courses toward both parts of their total require- ments (History requirements and Law and Society requirements). The History courses that may fill the dual requirements include HISE 153 (History of the Common Law), and HISA 120A and HISA 120B (The Supreme Court and the Constitution).

The History Department also offers a minor in History. The History minor requires satisfactory completion of 28 units as follows.

• 1. 1. At least one World History course

(4 units) and at least one other lower-division course (4 units).

• 2. At least four upper-division courses

(16 units) in History. The department recommends that minors address the diversity of human historical experiences by including courses in at least two historical fields, regions, or eras.

• 3. One additional History course (4 units).

Lower-division courses taken elsewhere may be counted toward the lower-division requirement; up to four advanced placement units earned in high school may count toward its fulfillment as well. Please consult with the academic advisors for further details.

Students undertaking a minor in History are urged to consult with the academic advisors for quarterly advising and meet with the undergrad- uate advisor at least once a year. Appointments can be made through the academic advisors.

See Minors under the College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences in the Colleges and Programs section of this catalog for additional information on minors.

Education Abroad is an excellent opportunity to learn more about another country and its culture while taking courses to earn units toward graduation. Students should plan study abroad well in advance to ensure that the courses taken fit with their overall program at UCR. Consult the departmental student affairs officer for assistance. For further details, visit Education Abroad at ea.ucr.edu or call

• (951) 827-4113.

See Education Abroad in the Educational Opportunities section in the beginning of this catalog.

The Department of History offers the M.A. and the Ph.D. in History. Students may choose a concentration in Public History in conjunction with the M.A. in History or as a field for the Ph.D. in History.

Admission The department accepts admissions applications from students intending to earn each of these degrees. Applicants must have either the B .A. in History or the baccalaureate in another field and be able to demonstrate a satisfactory knowledge of history. Applications for admission to the graduate programs in History are normally accepted for the fall quarter only. Applicants must submit a writing sample. Students entering the Ph.D. program without an M.A. may also earn the M.A. in History, as described below. Students admitted to the M.A. program may later request admission to the Ph.D. program.

Entering students choose a faculty advisor, who works closely with the graduate advisor in approving the student’s course of study.

Detailed rules for each program are contained in the departmental protocols.

The Department of History offers two courses of study: History and Public History. Students in the History program have the option of completing the degree via Thesis (Plan I) or Comprehensive Exam (Plan II). Students in Public History must complete the thesis.

Students seeking the M.A. degree choose a field of specialization from the list below, and follow one of two plans:

Areas of Specialization (and related courses)

• 1. United States (HIST 201A, 201B, 201C,

265AB, 272AB,273AB, 274AB, 275AB, 276AB)

• 2. Native American (HIST 203A, 203B, 203C,

237, 276AB, 265AB, 272AB, 273AB, 274AB, 275AB)

• 3. Ancient Mediterranean (HIST 211, 221, 222,

223, 225AB, 251AB, Tri-Campus Classics or seminars in related departments with approval from Graduate Advisor)

• 4. European, with concentration in either

Early Modern Europe, Modern Europe, Britain, or Russia (HIST 200, 204, 205A, 205B, 209A, 209B, 224, 240E, 240F, 251AB, 253AB, 255AB, 256AB, 258AB)

• 5. Latin American (HIST 206A, 206B, 285AB, 251AB)

• 6. Southeast Asia (HIST 242 or courses in

related departments with approval from Graduate Advisor. 243AB, 251AB)

Plan I (Thesis) Candidates must complete 40 units of required course work beyond the baccalaureate, 36 of which must be at the graduate level. The student’s curriculum must include the following:

• 1. At least one reading seminar or an

equivalent course in the student’s area of specialization (Reading seminars include HIST 201A, 201B, 201C, 203A, 203B, 203C, 237, 200, 204, 205A, 205B, 209A, 209B, 206B, 211, 221, 222, 223, 224, 240E, 240F, 242, 250, 254 or courses in related departments with approval from Graduate Advisor)

• 2. At least one two-quarter research

seminar, preferably in the student’s area of specialization (Two-quarter research seminars include HIST 265AB, 272AB, 273AB, 274AB, 275AB, 251AB, 253AB, 255AB, 256AB, 258AB, 285AB, 225AB, 243AB or courses in related departments with approval from the Graduate Advisor.

• 3. At least 4 units in courses outside the

student’s area of specialization

• 4. Twelve (12) units of thesis preparation,

HIST 299 Students prepare a substantial M.A. thesis. Candidates must pass an oral examination dis- cussing the thesis and future research agenda. The thesis and orals committee consists of three faculty members.

Oral Examination Modality The oral exam can be taken in one of the following modes: In-Person, Hybrid, or Remote. In In-Person mode all committee members and the student are physically present; in Hybrid mode some committee members/student are in-person and some committee members/ student are remote, and in Remote mode all committee members and the student attend remotely. The student and their advisor will dis- cuss which mode best suits the circumstances and communicate that decision to the Graduate Student Affairs Officer well before the exam. If Hybrid is chosen, those in person are expected to be present on campus in a video and audio enabled room that supports members physical- ly present and those participating remotely.

Plan II (Comprehensive Examination) Candidates must complete 40 units of required course work beyond the baccalaureate, 32 of which must be at the graduate level. The curriculum must include the following:

• 1. At least one reading seminar or an

equivalent course in the student’s area of specialization (Reading seminars include HIST 201A, 201B, 201C, 203A, 203B, 203C, 237, 200, 204, 205A, 205B, 209A, 209B, 206B, 211, 221, 222, 223, 224, 240E, 240F, 242, 250, 254 or courses in related departments with approval from Graduate Advisor)

• 2. At least one two-quarter research sem-

inar, preferably in the student’s area of specialization (Two-quarter research sem- inars include HIST 265AB, 272AB, 273AB, 274AB, 275AB, 251AB, 253AB, 255AB, 256AB, 258AB, 285AB, 225AB, 243AB or courses in related departments with approval from the Graduate Advisor)

• 3. At least 16 units in courses outside the

student’s area of specialization.

Candidates prepare a portfolio selected by the student and advisor, and must pass a comprehensive oral examination based on the submitted material. The examination commit- tee consists of two faculty members.

Oral Examination Modality The comprehensive oral exam can be taken in one of the following modes: In-Person, Hybrid, or Remote. In In-Person mode all commit- tee members and the student are physically present; in Hybrid mode some committee members/student are in-person and some committee members/student are remote, and in Remote mode all committee members and the student attend remotely. The student and their advisor will discuss which mode best suits the circumstances and communicate that decision to the Graduate Student Affairs Offi- cer well before the exam. If Hybrid is chosen, those in person are expected to be present on campus in a video and audio enabled room that supports members physically present and those participating remotely.

Language Requirement Candidates must demonstrate an ability to read one foreign language. Professional Development Requirement All M.A. students must complete HIST 301. This course does not count toward unit requirements.

Normative Time to Degree 6 quarters. M.A. students who wish to transfer to the Ph.D. program must apply for a sixth- quarter review as described in the Ph.D. program. No student may enroll in these M.A. programs for more than 9 quarters.

This program provides historical training in academic research and historiography as well as preparation for careers outside of the academy, in archives, historic preservation, museums, oral history and other realms of public engagement with the humanities, in- cluding the digital.

Students prepare in two areas:

• 1. A historical field outside of Public History

• 2. Public History

Course Work Candidates must complete a minimum of 40 units of courses as follows:

• 1. One two-quarter graduate history re-

search seminar. (Two-quarter research seminars include HIST 265AB, 272AB, 273AB, 274AB, 275AB, 251AB, 253AB, 255AB, 256AB, 258AB, 285AB, 225AB, 243AB or courses in related departments with ap- proval from the Graduate Advisor)

• 2. Two graduate reading seminars in the his-

torical field (selected from Areas of Spe- cialization listed above, Reading seminars include HIST 201A, 201B, 201C, 203A, 203B, 203C, 237, 200, 204, 205A, 205B, 209A, 209B, 206B, 211, 221, 222, 223,224, 240E, 240F, 242 250,254 or courses in related departments with approval from Graduate Advisor)

• 3. At least one of the following: HIST 238,

260, 262, 263, 298G or additional cours- es with approval of the Public History advisor.

• 4. At least one practicum from HIST 260L,

262L, 263L, 238L or additional courses approved by the Public History advisor.

• 5. Four upper-division undergraduate or

graduate courses related to Public History. Two should be outside the History depart- ment; courses outside the department require approval of the Public History advisor.

• 6. Four units of thesis preparation HIST 299.

All students must also complete HIST 398-I, which does not count toward the 40-unit requirement.

Internship The candidate must complete a ten-week internship, coincident with an academic quarter or summer session, at a cooperating institution, for training under professional supervision in a field of the candidate’s choice. The internship is registered with a History Department faculty advisor as HIST 398-I. The internship culminates in work toward the M.A. thesis. M.A. Thesis and Oral Examination Students prepare a substantial M.A. thesis. Candidates must pass a two-part oral exam- ination: one part on the M.A. thesis and a second part on the candidate’s field of history and Public History.

Oral Examination Modality The oral exam can be taken in one of the fol- lowing modes: In-Person, Hybrid, or Remote. In In-Person mode all committee members and the student are physically present; in Hybrid mode some committee members/student are in-person and some committee members/ student are remote, and in Remote mode all committee members and the student attend remotely. The student and their advisor will discuss which mode best suits the circum- stances and communicate that decision to the Graduate Student Affairs Officer well before the exam. If Hybrid is chosen, those in person are expected to be present on campus in a video and audio enabled room that supports members physically present and those partici- pating remotely.

Professional Development Requirement All M.A. students must complete HIST 301. This course does not count toward unit requirements.

Normative Time to Degree 6 quarters. M.A. students who wish to transfer to the Ph.D. program must apply for a sixth- quarter review as described in the Ph.D. program. No student may enroll in these M.A. programs for more than 9 quarters.

The Department of History offers the Ph.D. in History. The Ph.D. program in History prepares graduates for careers as university teachers, public historians, and professional researchers and analysts.

Admission Students may prepare for entry into the Ph.D. program by earning a B.A. or an M.A. degree in History or by earning a degree in a closely related field that involves significant study of history. Students holding a degree in another field are evaluated by the graduate studies committee on a case-by-case basis to deter- mine the level of the graduate program at which they should commence their studies.

Ph.D. Fields Students prepare three fields: a research field, a complementary field, and a teaching field. The research fields that the department offers are listed below; complementary and teaching fields may be chosen from among the research fields or from the list of additional fields. In special cases, students may petition to replace the complementary field with a custom field designed by the student in consultation with two faculty members who agree to administer the written examination in the field. Students may not offer three fields that all deal with a single country or region.

Course Work Candidates for the Ph.D. degree entering with a baccalaureate degree complete a minimum of 56 units of required course work, 44 of which must be at the graduate level. Students who enter with an M.A. degree complete a minimum of 28 units, 20 of which must be at the graduate level, and may be able to waive certain course requirements listed below. The student’s curriculum during the entire gradu- ate career must include the following:

• 1. At least two two-quarter graduate re-

search seminars (Two-quarter research seminars include HIST 225AB, 243AB, 251AB, 253AB, 255AB, 258AB, 265AB, 272AB, 273AB, 274AB, 275AB, 285AB, or courses in related departments with approval from the Graduate Advisor). One two-quarter research seminar may be waived by petition for students completing a MA in Public History at UCR.

• 2. At least six reading seminars or equivalent

courses, chosen from the student’s fields (Reading seminars include HIST 200, 201A, 201B, 201C, 202A, 202B, 203A, 203B, 203C, 204, 205A, 205B, 206A, 206B, 207, 209A, 209B, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215E-G, 215I-L, 216E-F, 217E, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226E-G, 226I-K, 226M-O, 226Q, 229, 230, 237, 238, 240E-F, 241, 242, 250, 254, 260, 262, 263, 264, 277, 278, 290 or courses in related departments with approval from the Graduate Advisor).

• 3. At least three courses approved by the

graduate advisor for the teaching field requirement, of which two must be at the graduate level

Courses should be chosen in consultation with the student’s faculty advisor and the graduate advisor; suitable courses are described in the departmental protocols. HIST 290 may be used towards the specific requirements above only with the permission of the graduate advisor.

Professional Development Requirement All Ph.D. students must complete HIST 301. This course does not count toward unit requirements.

Research Fields: Early America Nineteenth-Century United States Twentieth-Century United States American West Native American History Ancient Mediterranean Early Modern Europe Modern Europe Early Modern England Modern England Modern Russia Colonial Latin America Modern Latin America Southeast Asia Public History

Additional Fields Early Modern World History Modern World History Gender History

Sixth-Quarter Review All Ph.D. students undergo a comprehensive review no later than the sixth quarter of enroll- ment in the program, based on a portfolio se- lected by the student and advisor. The graduate studies committee reviews the student’s record and makes one of the following recommen- dations: proceed, hold, or terminate. Students receiving a hold may reapply once, within three quarters. Students receiving a terminate may continue enrolling for no more than three quar- ters to complete M.A. requirements.

Only under extraordinary circumstances may a student continue enrolling for more than 9 quarters (including enrollment while an M.A. student at UCR) without permission to proceed to examinations.

Students enrolled in the Ph.D. program may ap- ply for the M.A. degree in History once they have completed the requirements for the degree.

Examinations Students are examined in their research and complementary fields by a single written examination and at the Ph.D. oral examination. To take the Ph.D. oral qualifying examination, the student must submit a preliminary draft of the dissertation proposal. The teaching field is satisfied by course work.

Oral Qualifying Exam Modality The oral qualifying exam can be taken in one of the following modes: In-Person, Hybrid, or Remote. In In-Person mode all commit- tee members and the student are physically present; in Hybrid mode some committee members/student are in-person and some committee members/student are remote, and in Remote mode all committee members and the student attend remotely. The student and their advisor will discuss which mode best suits the circumstances and communicate that decision to the Graduate Student Affairs Offi- cer well before the exam. If Hybrid is chosen, those in person are expected to be present on campus in a video and audio enabled room that supports members physically present and those participating remotely.

Language Requirement Students must demonstrate reading proficiency in at least one language other than English. In certain research fields, students may be required to demonstrate a higher level of proficiency or to demonstrate proficiency in additional languages. Consult the departmental protocols for specific requirements.

Candidacy Students advance to candidacy after complet- ing all examinations, course requirements, and the language requirement. By the end of the following academic quarter, each student must submit to the graduate study committee a dis- sertation proposal approved by the student’s faculty advisor.

Dissertation Candidates must submit a dissertation that demonstrates scholarly, original, and indepen- dent investigation of a subject in the student’s research field chosen with the advice and approval of the dissertation committee.

Normative Time to Degree 17 quarters (including M.A. work).