Biology

Subject abbreviation: BIOL College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences

Joel L. Sachs, Ph.D., Department Chair Department Office, Boyce Hall 5406

• (951) 827-6357; eeob.ucr.edu

Professors Kurt Anderson, Ph.D. Theodore Garland, Jr., Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Kimberly A. Hammond, Ph.D. Timothy E. Higham, Ph.D. Helen M. Regan, Ph.D. David N. Reznick, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Joel L. Sachs, Ph.D. Wendy G. Saltzman, Ph.D.

Professors Emeriti Michael F. Allen, Ph.D. Richard A. Cardullo, Ph.D. (Professor of the Graduate Division) Mark A. Chappell, Ph.D. Daphne Fairbairn, Ph.D. Roger D. Farley, Ph.D. Leah T. Haimo, Ph.D. Bradley C. Hyman, Ph.D. Leonard P. Nunney, Ph.D. (Professor of the Graduate Division) Edward G. Platzer, Ph.D. (Biology/Nematology) Mary V. Price, Ph.D. Derek A. Roff, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor John T. Rotenberry, Ph.D. Clay A. Sassaman, Ph.D. Mark S. Springer, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Nickolas M. Waser, Ph.D.

Associate Professors Alan Brelsford, Ph.D. Polly Campbell, Ph.D. Christopher Clark, Ph.D. Marko Spasojevic, Ph.D.

Assistant Professors Ellie Armstrong, Ph. D. Elisa Cabrera Guzman, Ph.D. Laura Cantano, Ph.D. Lucy Delaney, Ph.D. Natalie Holt, Ph.D. Daniel Moen, Ph.D. Kate Ostevik, Ph.D. Kieran Samuk, Ph.D. Meredith VanAcker, Ph.D. Shana Wells, Ph.D.

Adjunct Faculty John Gatesy, Ph.D. Cheryl Y. Hayashi, Ph.D. Tracy L. Kahn, Ph.D. Marlene Zuk, Ph.D.

Cooperating Faculty Khaleel Abdulrazak (Psychology) Christopher Cantano (Botany and Plant Sciences) Matthew Daugherty (Entomology) Erica Heinrich (SOM) Darrel Jenerette, Ph.D. (Botany and Plant Sciences) Daniel Koenig (Botany and Plant Sciences) Loralee Larios, Ph.D. (Botany and Plant Sciences) Amy Litt, Ph.D. (Botany and Plant Sciences) Jessica Purcell, Ph.D. (Entomology) Erin Rankin, Ph.D. (Entomology) Louis Santiago, Ph.D. (Botany and Plant Sciences) Jason Stajich, Ph.D. (Microbiology and Plant Pathology)

The Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology offers B.A. and B.S. degrees in Biology. Both programs are based on the conviction that broad undergraduate training in biology, mathematics and the physical sci- ences, together with study in the humanities and social sciences, are fundamental to the education of a biologist. In addition to English composition, humanities, social sciences and the Biology core curriculum (see below, Major Requirements), both degrees require 36 units of upper-division (numbered 100-199) biology courses. The degrees differ in the humanities and social sciences requirements; also 16 units of a foreign language are required for the B.A., whereas the B.S. requires 16 additional units in substantive courses in biology or related fields.

The research and teaching of the Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology includes different levels (e.g., molecules, cells, organisms, populations, communities) and processes (e.g., development, evolution) of biological organization. An overview is presented in the introductory courses (BIOL 005A, BIOL 05LA, BIOL 005B, and BIOL 005C), and emphasis is placed on the unifying principles of the discipline.

Because of the diversity within biology and the wide range of career options, much latitude is allowed in selecting upper-division biology courses for the 36 units required for the major. Each student can select courses and plan a program of study to meet their specific inter- ests and career goals. For assistance with this, faculty advisors are available in The Depart- ment of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology. The section below, Programs of Spe- cialization, is provided as a guide for course selection for graduate schools, medical and health science professional schools and the broad range of careers that are possible with the Biology major.

The 36 upper-division units are selected from a list which includes courses offered by the Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organ- ismal Biology (BIOL 100-199) and a limited number of courses in Biochemistry (BCH), and Cell Biology and Neuroscience (CBNS). Qual- ified undergraduates (GPA 3.0 or above) may participate in graduate-level biology seminar courses with consent of the instructor, and up to 4 units (with letter grade) may be included in the major.

Those who choose to obtain a B.S. degree have as a college requirement an additional 16 units in upper-division biology courses and/or sub- stantive courses in a field or fields related to the major. The purpose of this related area is to add strength and breadth to the major and to meet specific requirements for postgradu- ate study or a chosen career. The substantive courses in fields related to the major must be from the approved list or approved by an advisor and may be lower or upper division, but they usually have science or mathematics prerequisites (e.g., CBNS 120/PSYC 120, CHEM 005, STAT 011, MATH 009C).

The Thomas Haider Program at the UCR School of Medicine Students in the Biology major and all others at UCR are eligible to complete admission requirements and apply for up to 24 positions reserved for UCR students in the UCR School of Medicine. Students eligible to apply to this unique pathway into the UCR medical school, called the Thomas Haider Program at the UCR School of Medicine, are those who attend UCR for at least six consecutive quarters and complete their bachelor’s degree at UCR. Information on this program and general admission to the UCR medical school is provided at medschool.ucr.edu, in the school’s section of this catalog, in the medical school Student Affairs Office [1682A School of Medicine Education Building, (951) 827-4334], and at orientation meetings held at UCR.

See Undergraduate Studies section.

See College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Colleges and Programs section.

Some of the following requirements for the major in Biology may also fulfill the College’s breadth requirements. Consult with an academic advisor for course planning.

• 1. Biology core curriculum (64-68 units)

• a) BIOL 005A, BIOL 05LA or BIOL 020, BIOL 005B, BIOL 005C

• b) CHEM 001A, CHEM 001B, CHEM 001C,

CHEM 01LA, CHEM 01LB, CHEM 01LC

• c) CHEM 008A or CHEM 08HA, CHEM 08LA

or CHEM 8HLA, CHEM 008B or CHEM 08HB, CHEM 08LB or CHEM 8HLB

• d) MATH 007A or MATH 009A, MATH 09HA,

MATH 007B or MATH 009B or MATH 09HB

• e) PHYS 002A or PHYS 002HA, PHYS 002B

or PHYS 002HB, PHYS 002C or PHYS 002HC, PHYS 02LA or PHYS 02HLA, PHYS 02LB or PHYS 02HLB, PHYS 02LC or PHYS 02HLC

• f) STAT 010

• g) BCH 100 or BCH 100H or BCH 110A or

BCH 110HA

The Biology core curriculum must be complet- ed with a grade point average of 2.0 or better and no grade lower than “C-.” If a grade of D or F is received in two core curriculum courses, either in separate courses or repetitions of the same course, the student will not be permitted to continue in the major.

• 2. Upper-division requirements (36 units)

• a) BIOL 102

• b) Thirty-two (32) additional upper-divi-

sion units in Biology and other courses to be taken in consultation with an advisor.

• 3. Other requirements

Note: Students are strongly urged to take the Biology Core Curriculum in the first two years of university study. Students in- tending to pursue the health professions are urged to familiarize themselves with the course requirements of their desired professional school(s) and should work with the advisor at the Pre-Professional Advising Center (PPAC) in planning their programs.

For the Bachelor of Arts only (0-16 units): The foreign language requirement may be fulfilled by completing level four or the demonstration of equivalent proficiency in one foreign language.

For the Bachelor of Science only (16 units): An additional 16 units in upper-division biology courses and/or substantive courses in a field or fields related to the major. A list of accept- able courses is available in the CNAS Academic Advising Center.

The Life Sciences core curriculum (item 1 above) fulfills many of the requirements for admission to graduate schools in biology or professional schools in the medical and health science fields. In addition to Introductory Genetics (BIOL 102, 4 units), a wide choice is available for the remaining 32 upper-division units required for the Biology major (item 2.b) above) and the 16 additional units related to the field of the major (B.S. degree, item 3 above). Each student selects upper-division and related courses depending on the type of school and career chosen (e.g., education, research, medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, optometry, veterinary medicine, nursing, physical therapy, public health, graduate school in one of the fields below).

In planning an academic program to prepare for teaching, research, or one of the medical fields, additional information about required course work and admission tests (MCAT, OAT, VCAT, PCAT, GRE) can be obtained from the Ca- reer Center and the Pre-Professional Advising Center (visit careers.ucr.edu or ppac.ucr.edu).

Suggested courses of study are provided below for those interested in various biological fields. These programs meet most of the requirements for admission to corresponding graduate schools for those students who wish to pursue a master’s and/or Ph.D. degree. The faculty advisor assists in selecting combinations of courses appropriate for advanced study in the fields below and others. Students considering graduate study are encouraged to do undergraduate research and take courses in computer science and statistics. In some cases, a course of study differing substantially from the examples given below will best meet the needs of the student. In consultation with a faculty advisor, a student may prepare a program in some other biological specialization such as animal behavior, evolution/development or developmental biology.

Cell and Molecular Biology BIOL 102, BIOL 105, BIOL 107A, BIOL 107B, CBNS 101 or BIOL 113 and BIOL 114, BIOL 119, BIOL 121/MCBL 121, BIOL 121L/MCBL 121L, BIOL 122/MCBL 122, BIOL 123/MCBL 123/ PLPA 123, BIOL 124/MCBL 124, BIOL 128/CBNS 128, BIOL 155/BPSC 155, BIOL 168, BCH 100/ BCH 100H or the BCH 110A/BCH 110HA, BCH 110B/BCH 110HB, and BCH 110C/BCH 110HC sequence, CBNS 108, CBNS 150/ENTX 150, CHEM 005, CHEM 109, STAT 011

Ecology and Population Biology BIOL 102, BIOL 104/BPSC 104, BIOL 105, BIOL 108, BIOL 116, BIOL 117, BIOL 160, BIOL 160L, BIOL 174, either BIOL 175 or BIOL 143/BPSC 143, BIO 127/ENTM 127, the MATH 007A or MATH 009A, MATH 007B or MATH 009B, and MATH 009C sequence, STAT 011

Also recommended: BIOL 146/BPSC 146, BIOL 151, BIO 161A, BIOL 163, BIOL 165/BPSC 165, BIOL 166, BIOL 169, BIOL 170, MATH 046

Molecular Genetics BIOL 102, BIOL 105, BIOL 107A, BIOL 107B, BIOL 108, BIOL 115, BIOL 121/MCBL 121, BIOL 121L/MCBL 121L, BIOL 122/MCBL 122, BIOL 123/MCBL 123/PLPA 123, BIOL 128/CBNS 128, BIOL 155/BPSC 155, BIOL 168, CBNS 108, CBNS 150/ENTX 150, CBNS 169

Zoology and Physiology BIOL 100/ENTM 100, BIOL 102, BIOL 105, CBNS 101 or BIOL 113 and BIOL 114, BIOL 151, BIOL 152/GEO 152, BIOL 157, BIOL 159, BIOL 160, BIOL 160L, BIOL 161A, BIOL 161B, BIOL 162/ENTM 162, BIOL 163, BIOL 168, BIOL 169, BIOL 170, BIOL 171A, BIOL 171B, BIOL 171C, BIOL 172, BIOL 173/ENTM 173, BIOL 174, BIOL 175, BIOL 178, BCH 100, CBNS 106, CBNS 108, CBNS 116, CBNS 169. Students are also encouraged to take laboratory courses. Also recommended: a course in ecology (e.g., BIOL 116), STAT 011

California Teach-Science and Mathematics Initiative (CalTeach-SMI) California Teach-Science and Mathematics Initiative (CalTeach-SMI) has a goal of addressing the critical need of highly quali- fied K-12 science and mathematics teachers in California. With an economy increasingly reliant on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and the antici- pated large scale retirement of qualified teachers, this is an essential time to explore and prepare for a career in teaching science or mathematics.

CalTeach-SMI at UCR offers undergraduate students paid/unpaid opportunities, such as the Scholar Apprentice Program, to explore STEM teaching as a career option. Through CalTeach-SMI, students receive advising and mentoring to prepare for entrance into an intern teaching credential program while diligently coordinating with academic advisors to ensure completion of STEM degree requirements. The CalTeach-SMI Resource Center provides future STEM teachers with material and financial resources to promote planning and professional development towards a science/mathematics education career.

For more information about the CalTeach-SMI program, please visit smi.ucr.edu, the Resource Center at 1114 Pierce Hall, or on Facebook at facebook.com/ScienceMathInitiativeAtUcr and on Instagram at instagram.com/smiatucr/.

This catalog has sections applicable for all students at UCR (Finances and Registration, Academic Regulations), and a specific section for students in this college (College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences). Present and prospective students are referred to those sections for enrollment policies and procedures and curricular and advising information for the campus and college.

For Biology majors, information regarding the following topics can be obtained from the CNAS Undergraduate Academic Advising Center in 1223 Pierce Hall:

• Student Academic Advising

• Grading Basis: Letter Grade or S/NC

• Full or Part-time Study

• Transfer Students

• Minor

• Double Major

• Internships

• Preparation for Graduate School

• Education and Research Centers, Institutes and Resources

The Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology offers courses in which students can enroll to do independent labora- tory research or an in-depth library study of a topic of special interest.

Students desiring to do Independent Reading (BIOL 194), Introduction to Research (BIOL 197) or Junior/Senior Research (BIOL 199) should consult with a professor who is willing to supervise the project. The student may suggest a specific question or formulate a project after consultation with the instructor. Information about the research fields of the professors is available on the Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology website.

To enroll in these Independent Study and Research courses, students must first contact the associated instructor for approval and proceed with enrolling through the CNAS Enrollment Management Center (1140F Batchelor Hall/ cnasemc.ucr.edu); preferably before the first day of instruction but no later than the end of the second week of the quarter.

Applicants for BIOL 194 and BIOL 199 should ordinarily be juniors or seniors with a GPA of 3.00 or higher. Sophomore students with a GPA of 3.00 or higher may apply to enroll in BIOL 197 (Introduction to Research), since the purpose of this course is to enable the student to do preliminary reading and laboratory research to explore with the professor the feasibility of undertaking a project for later enrollment in BIOL 199. Enrollment in BIOL 197 is not required before enrollment in BIOL 199, but the former course is available for those situations where preliminary work will be helpful.

For BIOL 194 and BIOL 199, the student writes a report of the library study or laboratory results for the quarter, which is reviewed and submit- ted to the sponsoring professor by the last day of instruction of the quarter.

Students may also receive credit toward the major for independent study or research performed in other departments, with the approval of the Lead Faculty Advisor.

BIOL 194, BIOL 197, and BIOL 199 are graded “S/NC”, and up to 9 units of credit may be counted as part of the 16 substantive units related to the major for the B.S. degree.

This system was formed by the UC in 1965 to preserve for study a series of undisturbed natural areas representing the state’s vast ecological diversity. Since then the system has grown to include thirty-seven reserves, eight of them administered by the UCR campus. See Research Opportunities in this catalog.

Most of the reserves are undeveloped except for fencing, roads and trails, but laboratory facilities, housing and campgrounds for class use are available at some sites. The reserves are used as outdoor classrooms and laboratories by students, teachers and researchers from educational institutions, public and private, throughout the state, across the nation and around the world. Some of the courses offered by the UCR Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology include field trips and overnight camping trips to the reserves. In the field, students are introduced to the great diversity of plant and animal organisms in Southern California, and to the effect of environmental factors on this diversity.

Undergraduate and graduate students who wish to use the reserves in their individual research projects should contact Dr. Kim Hammond, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 3318 Spieth Hall, khammond@ucr.edu, to obtain an application, map and list of rules and regulations.

The Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology administers programs leading to the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology. Applicants are strongly advised to contact potential faculty advisors prior to applying to the program. The GRE is not required or considered.

All graduate students entering the department meet with a guidance committee during the first quarter of enrollment so that their educational background can be addressed. Considering the requirements of the student’s specialization, the committee recommends a program of study to be followed in pursuit of graduate work. Because of the diversity among the specializations, course requirements for advanced degrees are specified by the student’s guidance committee.

The Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology offers the Ph.D. degree in Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology. In addition to the general requirements of the Graduate Division, students intending to become candidates for the Ph.D. degree in Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology must complete the following:

Course Work Course requirements are determined in consideration of the requirements of the student’s area of specialization. Selection of specific courses is done by the guidance committee in consultation with the student.

All students are required to take EEOB 400, EEOB 210, EEOB 211, and EEOB 216. Students are also required to take two courses on current research topics (BIOL 252 or another disciplinary colloquium and EEOB 265) for a minimum of 5 quarters of each prior to advancement to candidacy and 12 quarters of each prior to completion of the doctoral degree.

Professional Development One unit of coursework in professional development, which is satisfied by EEOB 400.

Written and Oral Qualifying Examinations Students must pass a Written Examination in their specialized field of interest before taking their Oral Qualifying Examination. Written Qualifying Examinations must be completed by the eighth week of the sixth quarter in residence. Upon successful completion of the Written Qualifying Examination, an Oral Qualifying Examination is administered wherein students defend their dissertation proposal in person with their committee. However, the student may submit a request to their graduate advisor for an exception for a hybrid defense wherein they and/or any number of their committee members may attend virtually. If approved, the student is responsible for coordinating the virtual meeting spaces.

Dissertation Candidates may be required to successfully defend their dissertation research in a public oral presentation. Students defend their dissertation in person with their committee. However, the student may submit a request to their graduate advisor for an exception for a hybrid defense wherein they and/or any number of their committee members may attend virtually. If approved, the student is responsible for coordinating the virtual meeting spaces.

Teaching Requirements All students are required to serve as a Teaching Assistant for at least three quarters.

Normative Time to Degree 18 quarters

The Department offers the M.S. degree in Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology. To qualify for the M.S. degree, candidates must meet the following requirements:

Plan I (Thesis) Thirty-six (36) quarter units of approved courses in the 100 or 200 series, of which at least 24 units must be in the 200 series courses in the biological sciences. Not more than 12 units of EEOB 299 may be applied to the degree. A minimum of 12 units of course work other than courses in the 290 series must be completed in fulfillment of the requirement for 24 units of graduate courses. Students must present an acceptable thesis and undergo a final oral examination in person with their committee in defense of the thesis. However, the student may submit a request to their graduate advisor for an exception for a hybrid defense wherein they and/or any number of their committee members may attend virtually. If approved, the student is responsible for coordinating the virtual meeting spaces.

The Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology at UCR along with the Department of Evolutionary Biology at San Diego State University (SDSU) administers a program leading to the Ph.D. degree in Evolutionary Biology, referred to as the Joint Doctoral Program in Evolutionary Biology (JDEB).

Admission Applicants for admission to the JDEB will apply to the SDSU-UCR JDEB which will be coordinated by SDSU. Potential applicants should have a bachelor’s degree in one of the life sciences or physical sciences. Promising students with other academic backgrounds are also encouraged to apply if they have strong undergraduate coursework in biology. Applicants must have a bachelor’s and/or master’s degree from an accredited institution.

At the start of the student’s first year in the program, the student will form a Guidance Committee. This committee will consist of four faculty members, two chosen from each institution. From SDSU, the committee must include the student’s prospective dissertation advisor and an additional, programmatically appropriate, member. From UCR, the committee members will be drawn from faculty within the EEOB graduate program. In consultation with the student, the Guidance Committee plans the student’s program through Advancement to Candidacy.

The Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology at UCR along with the Department of Evolutionary Biology at San Diego State University (SDSU) offers the Ph.D. degree in Evolutionary Biology after completion of the following degree requirements:

Specific fields of emphasis This program emphasizes evolutionary biology; there are no specific emphases within the program, although research specialties may be quite diverse.

Course requirements The Guidance Committee works with the student to develop an individualized course of study and identify potential deficiencies. Students in the joint doctoral program will have similar requirements as students in UCR’s EEOB graduate program. Year 1 is spent at SDSU, year 2 is spent at UCR. Specifically, the joint doctoral students will take the Theory of Evolution (UCR EEOB 216) and at least two courses from the approved list below. One of these courses must be taken at UCR.

SDSU: BIOL 740 or BIOL 624

UCR: EEOB 210, EEOB 211, EEOB 212, EEOB 213, EEOB 214, EEOB 217, EEOB 219 or EEOB 220

In addition, the students will enroll in a current research topics seminar course during each UCR quarter (BIOL 252 or another disciplinary colloquium and EEOB 265) or SDSU semester (BIOL 795) of residence. The majority of required course work should be completed prior to the Written Qualifying Exam, which is taken at the end of the second year. All required disciplinary courses must be completed before taking the Oral Qualifying Exam.

Professional Development One unit of coursework in professional development, which is satisfied by EEOB 400.

Written Qualifying Exam By the end of the second year, students are expected to have taken a written qualifying examination. The Written Exam consists of a dissertation proposal that includes a synthetic review of the intended topic of the dissertation. The written exam is evaluated by the student’s Oral Qualifying Exam Committee (see Oral Qualifying Exam below).

Oral Qualifying Exam Upon passing the written exam, the student (in consultation with their SDSU and UCR coadvisors) selects an Oral Qualifying Exam Committee. This committee normally consists of five faculty members: a minimum of 2 UCR EEOB faculty, a UCR outside committee member, and a minimum of 2 SDSU EB faculty. During the exam, the candidate must defend the research proposal in person with their committee and may be questioned on other topics by the Oral Qualifying Exam Committee. The student may submit a request to their graduate advisor for an exception for a hybrid defense wherein they and/or any number of their committee members may attend virtually. If approved, the student is responsible for coordinating the virtual meeting spaces. Normally the Oral Qualifying Exam occurs in the Fall term of the student’s third year.

Dissertation Upon completion of the dissertation, the student will present a research seminar at SDSU. The research seminar will be followed by a final oral defense to be administered by the Dissertation Committee. The student and all committee members must be present in person. However, the student may submit a request to their graduate advisor for an exception for a hybrid defense wherein they and/or any number of their committee members may attend virtually. If approved, the student is responsible for coordinating the virtual meeting spaces. The completed dissertation must be formatted in accordance with the requirements currently in force at UCR. The dissertation is then filed at both UCR and SDSU.

Teaching Requirement All JDEB students are required to serve as a Graduate Teaching Assistant for at least two semesters at SDSU.

Normative Time to Degree 18 Quarters/12 Semesters (6 years)