CS 225 - Spatial Computing

Fall 2022

Time: Tuesday, Thursday - 6:30 PM to 7:50 PM

Location: Student Success Center, Room 335

Instructor: Amr Magdy - - Office Hours: Wednesday 4-6PM Pacific Time. Online on Office Hours Links -
Additional asynchronous hours over email or by appointment.

TA: - Office Hours: Monday / Friday 3-4PM Pacific Time. Online on Office Hours Links

TA: - Office Hours: Tuesday / Thursday 3-4PM Pacific Time. Online on Office Hours Links

(If you still cannot access iLearn, please either consult your classmates or send email to or from your enrollment email with your student ID)

Teaching Feedback Form: https://goo.gl/forms/g5C4VjKRlmButg693

Textbook: The course is based on research papers and selected readings.
Supplementary Materials: Spatial Databases: A Tour by S. Shekhar and S. Chawla, Prentice Hall, 2003, ISBN-13: 978-0130174802, ISBN-10: 0130174807 Amazon- UCR Bookstore

Syllabus

Spatial data is ubiquitous in different applications, e.g., map applications, agriculture, public health, transportation, and public safety, and in different scientific disciplines, e.g., geographic information sciences, environmental sciences, and behavioral sciences. This course covers the main concepts behind the existing technologies in spatial applications in addition to the future directions where spatial data is driving innovations. The course introduces spatial computing with coverage for spatial data models, storage, indexing, and querying. In addition, the course allows hands-on experience on both low-level and high-level spatial applications building on existing spatial data platforms. The topics that will be covered include:

  • Introduction to Spatial Computing
  • Spatial Relationships and Data Models
  • Spatial Data Storage and Indexing
  • Spatial Query Processing
  • Spatial Networks
  • Geo-visualization
  • Spatial Data Mining
  • Trends and Innovations in Spatial Applications

Grading

    Course work

  • Hands-on on Spatial Technologies (7.5%)
  • Evaluating others (5%)
  • Paper Reviews (7.5%)
  • Presentation (10%)
  • Project + Final exam (70%)

Schedule

Date Topic  MaterialNotes
Thu 9/22 Course Outline + Introduction to Research
Tue 9/27Introduction to Spatial Computing
Thu 9/29Spatial Relationships and Data ModelsAssignment 0 due
Tue 10/4Spatial Relationships and Data Models (Cont'd) +
Spatial Data Storage and Indexing
Thu 10/6Spatial Data Storage and Indexing +
Spatial Query Processing
Assignment 1 due
Tue 10/11 Spatial Query Processing
Thu 10/13 Paper review 1 discussion + Presentation 1
Assignment 2 due
Tue 10/18 Presentation 2
+ Spatial Networks
Assignment 3 due
Thu 10/20 Geovisualization + Presentation 3
Tue 10/25 Geovisualization
Thu 10/27Presentations 4-8
Tue 11/1Spatial Data Mining + Presentation 9
Thu 11/3Presentations 10-14
Tue 11/8Presentations 15-19
Thu 11/10Presentations 20-24Assignment 4 due
Tue 11/15 Presentations 25-29
Assignment 5 due
Thu 11/17 Presentations 30-31 + Paper review 2 discussionAssignment 6 due
Tue 11/22 Presentations 32-36
Thu 11/24No Lecture for Thanksgiving
Tue 11/29Presentations 37-40 Final project deliverables due
Thu 12/1Trends in spatial applications + Project discussions
Sat 12/3Final Exam

Groups

  Group Members
#1 Jinhuan Liu, Likun Ni, Shengbo Ma, Tianze Wu, Wanfang Li, Ziyuan Li, Yiwei Le
#2 Ameya Padole, Karthik Harpanahalli, Naman Mittal, Shreyas Ghuge, Simran Saha, Varun Sapre
#3 Gandharva Deshpande, Mihir Patel, Nikita Aware, Nimisha Gulati, Siddhant Poojari, Vishv Patel
#4 Akash Deep Saha, Ankit kumar Gupta, Ashutosh Godara , Kumar Priyam ,Partha Thakuria , Pooja Chakkarwar
#5 Abhishek Premnath, Balaji Arunachalam, Madhusudhan Tungamitta, Shreya Godishala, Thirumalai Vinjamoor Akhil Srinivas
#6 Anish More, Imran Shahid, Mohit Porwal, Neil Ian Franklyn Castellino, Shrey Sinha, Sourav Singha
#7 Ankitha Sathyanarayana, Hamsa Gouda Veerendra, Nadia Saba, Rigved Patil, Ruturaj Patil
#8 Advitiya Gupta, Chitra Narayan, Janvi Sruthi Griddaluru, Priyanka Jadli, Samrita Sen Bakshi, Sridevi Subramanya Raju
#9 Anoop Puttur Nityananda, Bharath Mysore Nagendra, Mohammed Armughanuddin, Mohit Asudani, Puneet Singhania, Yashwanth Eshwarappa
#10 Abhinav Reddy Palle, Abinila Siva, Jeevana Thatagari, Nunna Lakshmi Saranya, Sai Rithesh Reddy Ganta, Sanjana Senthilkumar
#11 Aditya Krrish Komarapalayam Singaravelu, Aparajita Satish Ramanathan, Harshitha Sarva, Jaya Sai Reddy Vaka, Spoorthi Badikala
#12 Aparna Mohan, Naren Anant Kulkarni, Nimalan Karthik Rajasekar, Raghu Ganapathy, Rohan Gampa, Paikana Suhas Rao
#13 Anirudh Tulasi, Avinash Lakhmawad, Mamadou Zerbo, Sai Surya Prakash Kolluru, Matheshwaran babu
#14 Aishwarya Pagadala, Revanth Kumar Lokku, Shivaji Reddy Donthi, Siddhant Arya, SriRaksha Srirangapatna Arun, Vivek Pothina
#15 Aishwarya Waghachoure, Manan Jethanandani, Sahil Gami, Saurav Gami, Yash Srivastava
#16 Aman Milind Pingle, Janvi Sruthi Griddaluru, Manan Birhmmaan, Manish Chugani, Vedant Chaubey
#17 Aakash Ramchandani, Deepak Urs Gagenahalli Veeraraje Urs, Deniz Ademoglu, Lohith Kumar Sureshbabu Bhambore, Mariam Razak, Miguel Gutierrez
#18 Avinash Bhim Sidhwani, Chirag Rajavat, Rituparna Gucchait, Kartikay Kaul
#19 Aparajit Talukdar, Lucca Psaila, Rahul Sailesh Wadhwa, Zubair Qazi
#20 Venkata Vamsi krishna Mupparaju, Vaibhavi Mutya, Avinash Reddy Kummeta, Aira Shrestha, Prudhvi Manukonda
#21 Ajay Wayase, Ritesh Singh, Akash S Bilgi, Piyush Kanadje

Assignments

PDF
#0 Assignment 0
#1 Assignment 1
#2 Assignment 2
#3 Assignment 3
#4 Assignment 4
#5 Assignment 5
#6 Assignment 6

Paper Reviews

#Paper Title
1 Tin Vu, Alberto Belussi, Sara Migliorini, Ahmed Eldawy: A Learned Query Optimizer for Spatial Join. SIGSPATIAL/GIS 2021: 458-467
2 Huan Li, Bo Tang, Hua Lu, Muhammad Aamir Cheema, Christian S. Jensen: Spatial Data Quality in the IoT Era: Management and Exploitation. SIGMOD Conference 2022: 2474-2482

Presentations

ID# of presentersTopicPresentation ContentAssigned Presenters
1 3 Spatial keyword search Lisi Chen, Shuo Shang, Chengcheng Yang, Jing Li: Spatial keyword search: a survey. GeoInformatica 24(1): 85-106 (2020) Gandharva Deshpande, Nikita Aware, Partha Thakuria
2 3 Spatial keyword search Yuyang Dong, Chuan Xiao, Hanxiong Chen, Jeffrey Xu Yu, Kunihiro Takeoka, Masafumi Oyamada, Hiroyuki Kitagawa: Continuous top-k spatial-keyword search on dynamic objects. VLDB Journal 30(2): 141-161 (2021) Nimisha Gulati, Pooja Chakkarwar, Revanth Kumar Lokku
3 3 Spatial keyword search Zhou Shao, Muhammad Aamir Cheema, David Taniar, Hua Lu, Shiyu Yang: Efficiently Processing Spatial and Keyword Queries in Indoor Venues. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 33(9): 3229-3244 (2021) Hamsa Gouda Veerendra, Mohit Asudani, Ritesh Singh
4 3 Spatial keyword search Ningning Cui, Jianxin Li, Xiaochun Yang, Bin Wang, Mark Reynolds, Yong Xiang: When Geo-Text Meets Security: Privacy-Preserving Boolean Spatial Keyword Queries. ICDE 2019: 1046-1057 Ashutosh Godara, Vaibhavi Mutya, Thirumalai Vinjamoor Akhil Srinivas
5 3 Spatio-temporal data Tamas Abraham, John F. Roddick: Survey of Spatio-Temporal Databases. GeoInformatica 3(1): 61-99 (1999) Manan Birhmmaan, Priyanka Jadli
6 3 Spatio-temporal data Su Chen, Beng Chin Ooi, Kian-Lee Tan, Mario A. Nascimento: ST2B-tree: a self-tunable spatio-temporal b+-tree index for moving objects. SIGMOD Conference 2008: 29-42 Chitra Narayan, Sridevi Subramanya Raju, Sourav Singha
7 3 Spatio-temporal data Abdeltawab M. Hendawi, Mohamed F. Mokbel: Panda: a predictive spatio-temporal query processor. SIGSPATIAL/GIS 2012: 13-22 Sahil Gami, Saurav Gami, Rohan Gampa
8 3 Spatio-temporal data Junho Koh, Jaekyum Kim, Jin Hyeok Yoo, Yecheol Kim, Dongsuk Kum, Jun Won Choi: Joint 3D Object Detection and Tracking Using Spatio-Temporal Representation of Camera Image and LiDAR Point Clouds. AAAI 2022: 1210-1218 Aparajit Talukdar, Venkata Vamsi krishna Mupparaju, Avinash Reddy Kummeta
9 3 Geovisualization Yan Zheng, Yi Ou, Alexander Lex, Jeff M. Phillips: Visualization of Big Spatial Data Using Coresets for Kernel Density Estimates. IEEE Transactions on Big Data 7(3): 524-534 (2021) Simran Saha, Balaji Arunachalam, Shrey Sinha
10 3 Geovisualization Liming Dong, Qiushi Bai, Taewoo Kim, Taiji Chen, Weidong Liu, Chen Li: Marviq: Quality-Aware Geospatial Visualization of Range-Selection Queries Using Materialization. SIGMOD Conference 2020: 67-82 Anish More, Neil Ian Franklyn Castellino
11 3 Spatial big data platforms Jia Yu, Zongsi Zhang, Mohamed Sarwat: Spatial data management in apache spark: the GeoSpark perspective and beyond. GeoInformatica 23(1): 37-78 (2019) Puneet Singhania, Nadia Saba, Rituparna Guchhait
12 3 Spatial big data platforms Varun Pandey, Andreas Kipf, Thomas Neumann, Alfons Kemper: How Good Are Modern Spatial Analytics Systems? Proc. VLDB Endow. 11(11): 1661-1673 (2018) Aishwarya Pagadala, Siddhant Arya, Sriraksha Srirangapatna Arun
13 3 Spatial big data platforms Dong Xie, Feifei Li, Bin Yao, Gefei Li, Liang Zhou, Minyi Guo: Simba: Efficient In-Memory Spatial Analytics. SIGMOD Conference 2016: 1071-1085 Imran Shahid, Avinash Bhim Sidhwani, Chirag Rajavat
14 3 Spatial big data platforms Ablimit Aji, Fusheng Wang, Hoang Vo, Rubao Lee, Qiaoling Liu, Xiaodong Zhang, Joel H. Saltz: Hadoop-GIS: A High Performance Spatial Data Warehousing System over MapReduce. Proc. VLDB Endow. 6(11): 1009-1020 (2013) Shivaji Reddy Donthi, Janvi Sruthi Griddaluru, Vivek Pothina
15 3 Spatial data on GPUs Zhila Nouri Lewis, Yi-Cheng Tu: G-PICS: A Framework for GPU-Based Spatial Indexing and Query Processing. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 34(3): 1243-1257 (2022) Yash Srivastava, Deniz Ademoglu, Deepak Urs Gagenahalli Veeraraje Urs
16 3 Spatial data on GPUs Harish Doraiswamy, Juliana Freire: SPADE: GPU-Powered Spatial Database Engine for Commodity Hardware. ICDE 2022: 2669-2681 Aman Milind Pingle, Avinash Lakhmawad,
17 3 Spatial data on GPUs Arpan Man Sainju, Danial Aghajarian, Zhe Jiang, Sushil K. Prasad: Parallel Grid-Based Colocation Mining Algorithms on GPUs for Big Spatial Event Data. IEEE Trans. Big Data 6(1): 107-118 (2020) Prudhvi Manukonda, Kartikay Kaul
18 3 Spatial crowdsourcing Yongxin Tong, Zimu Zhou, Yuxiang Zeng, Lei Chen, Cyrus Shahabi: Spatial crowdsourcing: a survey. VLDB Journal 29(1): 217-250 (2020) Ameya Padole, Mohammed Armughanuddin
19 3 Spatial crowdsourcing Qingshun Wu, Yafei Li, Huiling Li, Di Zhang, Guanglei Zhu: AMRAS: A Visual Analysis System for Spatial Crowdsourcing. Proc. VLDB Endow. 15(12): 3690-3693 (2022) Aditya Krrish Komarapalayam Singaravelu, Aparajita Satish Ramanathan, Spoorthi Badikala
20 3 Spatial crowdsourcing Xuanhao Chen, Yan Zhao, Kai Zheng, Bin Yang, Christian S. Jensen: Influence-aware Task Assignment in Spatial Crowdsourcing. ICDE 2022: 2141-2153 Mihir Patel, Vishv Patel, Matheshwaran babu
21 3 Spatial crowdsourcing Srinivasa Raghavendra Bhuvan Gummidi, Xike Xie, Torben Bach Pedersen: A Survey of Spatial Crowdsourcing. ACM Transactions on Database Systems. 44(2): 8:1-8:46 (2019) Paikana Suhas Rao, Nimalan Karthik Rajasekar, Aparna Mohan
22 3 GeoAI Yanchuan Chang, Egemen Tanin, Xin Cao, Jianzhong Qi: Spatial Structure-Aware Road Network Embedding via Graph Contrastive Learning. EDBT 2023: 144-156 Siddhant Poojary, Madhusudhan Tungamitta, Kumar Priyam
23 3 GeoAI Ruibing Hou, Hong Chang, Bingpeng Ma, Rui Huang, Shiguang Shan: BiCnet-TKS: Learning Efficient Spatial-Temporal Representation for Video Person Re-Identification. CVPR 2021: 2014-2023 Raghu Ganapathy, Harshitha Sarva, Mohit Porwal
24 3 GeoAI Sijie Ruan, Cheng Long, Zhipeng Ma, Jie Bao, Tianfu He, Ruiyuan Li, Yiheng Chen, Shengnan Wu, Yu Zheng: Service Time Prediction for Delivery Tasks via Spatial Meta-Learning. KDD 2022: 3829-3837 Samrita Sen Bakshi, Advitiya Gupta, Naren Anant Kulkarni
25 3 GeoAI Haoyu Han, Mengdi Zhang, Min Hou, Fuzheng Zhang, Zhongyuan Wang, Enhong Chen, Hongwei Wang, Jianhui Ma, Qi Liu: STGCN: A Spatial-Temporal Aware Graph Learning Method for POI Recommendation. ICDM 2020: 1052-1057 Shengbo Ma, Likun Ni, Sai Rithesh Reddy Ganta
26 3 GeoAI Jiadi Du, Yunchao Zhang, Pengyang Wang, Jennifer L. Leopold, Yanjie Fu: Beyond Geo-First Law: Learning Spatial Representations via Integrated Autocorrelations and Complementarity. ICDM 2019: 160-169 Ziyuan Li, Jinhuan Liu, Yiwei Le
27 3 GeoAI Qiyu Liu, Yanyan Shen, Lei Chen: LHist: Towards Learning Multi-dimensional Histogram for Massive Spatial Data. ICDE 2021: 1188-1199 Shreya Godishala, Miguel Gutierrez
28 3 HD Maps Yijun Wei, Faria Mahnaz, Orhan Bulan, Yehenew Mengistu, Sheetal Mahesh, Michael A. Losh: Creating Semantic HD Maps From Aerial Imagery and Aggregated Vehicle Telemetry for Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 23(9): 15382-15395 (2022) Abhishek Premnath, Rahul Sailesh Wadhwa, Ruturaj Patil
29 3 HD Maps Alejandro Diaz-Diaz, Manuel Ocaña, Angel Llamazares, Carlos Gómez Huélamo, Pedro A. Revenga, Luis Miguel Bergasa: HD maps: Exploiting OpenDRIVE potential for Path Planning and Map Monitoring. IV 2022: 1211-1217 Piyush Kanadje, Akash Bilgi, Ajay Wayase
30 3 HD Maps Elwan Héry, Philippe Xu, Philippe Bonnifait: Consistent decentralized cooperative localization for autonomous vehicles using LiDAR, GNSS, and HD maps. J. Field Robotics 38(4): 552-571 (2021) Mamadou Zerbo, Manish Chugani, Aakash Ramchandani
31 3 HD Maps Mahdi Elhousni, Yecheng Lyu, Ziming Zhang, Xinming Huang: Automatic Building and Labeling of HD Maps with Deep Learning. AAAI 2020: 13255-13260 Tianze Wu, Ankitha Sathyanarayana
32 3 Remote Sensing Pages 1-6 of "Introduction to Remote Sensing, by Nicholas C. Coops and Thoreau Rory Tooke. In Learning Landscape Ecology pp 3-19" + Brief highlight of major remote sensing applications. Sanjana Senthilkumar, Aishwarya Waghachoure, Manan Jehanandani
33 3 Remote Sensing Fundamentals about LiDAR:
* What is lidar data? (https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/las-dataset/what-is-lidar-data-.htm)
* Types of lidar (https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/las-dataset/types-of-lidar.htm)
* Storing lidar data (https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/las-dataset/storing-lidar-data.htm)
* What is lidar intensity data? (https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/las-dataset/what-is-intensity-data-.htm)
* Lidar point classification (https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/las-dataset/lidar-point-classification.htm)
Anirudh Tulasi, Rigved Patil, Karthik Harpanahalli
34 3 Remote Sensing Chao Chen, Jintao Liang, Fang Xie, Zijun Hu, Weiwei Sun, Gang Yang, Jie Yu, Li Chen, Lihua Wang, Liyan Wang, Huixin Chen, Xinyue He, Zili Zhang: Temporal and spatial variation of coastline using remote sensing images for Zhoushan archipelago, China. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinformation 107: 102711 (2022)) Jaya Sai Reddy Vaka, Mariam Razak, Lohith Kumar Sureshbabu Bhambore
35 3 Remote Sensing Anh-Vu Vo, Chamin Nalinda Lokugam Hewage, Gianmarco Russo, Neel Chauhan, Debra F. Laefer, Michela Bertolotto, Nhien-An Le-Khac, Ulrich Oftendinger: Efficient LiDAR point cloud data encoding for scalable data management within the Hadoop eco-system. IEEE BigData 2019: 5644-5653 Jeevana Thatagri, Abinila Siva, Nunna Lakshmi Saranya
36 3 Remote Sensing A. S. Mohammed Abdul Athick, Shih-Yu Lee: A Combination of Spatial Domain Filters to Detect Surface Ocean Current from Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Data. Remote. Sens. 14(2): 332 (2022) Shreyas Ghuge, Naman Mittal, Aira Shrestha
37 3 GeoInt (GeoIntelligence) GEOINT. Encyclopedia of GIS 2017: 694 Zubair Qazi, Lucca Psaila
38 3 GeoInt (GeoIntelligence) GEOSPATIAL INTELLIGENCE (GEOINT) BASIC DOCTRINE, chapters 3-4. Varun Sapre, Ankit Kumar Gupta, Sai Surya Prakash
39 3 GeoInt (GeoIntelligence) Franco Perazzoni, Paula Bacelar-Nicolau, Marco Painho: Geointelligence against Illegal Deforestation and Timber Laundering in the Brazilian Amazon. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf. 9(6): 398 (2020) Akash Deep Saha, Abhinav Reddy Palle, Vedant Chaubey
40 3 GeoInt (GeoIntelligence) Simone Mineo, Davide Caliò, Giovanna Pappalardo: UAV-Based Photogrammetry and Infrared Thermography Applied to Rock Mass Survey for Geomechanical Purposes. Remote. Sens. 14(3): 473 (2022) Bharath Mysore Nagendra, Yashwanth Eshwarappa, Anoop Puttur Nityananda

Course Resources

Recommended Readings:
  • (1) Tamas Abraham, John F. Roddick: Survey of Spatio-Temporal Databases. GeoInformatica 3(1): 61-99 (1999)
  • (2) Ahmed R. Mahmood, Sri Punni, Walid G. Aref: Spatio-temporal access methods: a survey (2010 - 2017). GeoInformatica 23(1): 1-36 (2019)
  • (3) Gowtham Atluri, Anuj Karpatne, Vipin Kumar: Spatio-Temporal Data Mining: A Survey of Problems and Methods. ACM Computing Surveys 51(4): 83:1-83:41 (2018)
  • (4) Jia Yu, Mohamed Sarwat: Turbocharging Geospatial Visualization Dashboards via a Materialized Sampling Cube Approach. ICDE 2020: 1165-1176
  • (5) Dong Xie, Feifei Li, Bin Yao, Gefei Li, Liang Zhou, Minyi Guo: Simba: Efficient In-Memory Spatial Analytics. SIGMOD Conference 2016: 1071-1085
  • (6) Md. Mahbub Alam, Suprio Ray, Virendra C. Bhavsar: A Performance Study of Big Spatial Data Systems. BigSpatial@SIGSPATIAL 2018: 1-9
  • (7) Srinivasa Raghavendra Bhuvan Gummidi, Xike Xie, Torben Bach Pedersen: A Survey of Spatial Crowdsourcing. ACM Transactions on Database Systems. 44(2): 8:1-8:46 (2019)
  • (8) Ruibing Hou, Hong Chang, Bingpeng Ma, Rui Huang, Shiguang Shan: BiCnet-TKS: Learning Efficient Spatial-Temporal Representation for Video Person Re-Identification. CVPR 2021: 2014-2023
  • (9) James Tu, Mengye Ren, Sivabalan Manivasagam, Ming Liang, Bin Yang, Richard Du, Frank Cheng, Raquel Urtasun: Physically Realizable Adversarial Examples for LiDAR Object Detection. CVPR 2020: 13713-13722
  • (10) Csaba Benedek: 3D people surveillance on range data sequences of a rotating Lidar. Pattern Recognition Letters 50: 149-158 (2014)
  • (11) Mike Izbicki, Vagelis Papalexakis, Vassilis J. Tsotras: Geolocating Tweets in any Language at any Location. CIKM 2019: 89-98
  • (12) Zheyi Pan, Yuxuan Liang, Weifeng Wang, Yong Yu, Yu Zheng, Junbo Zhang: Urban Traffic Prediction from Spatio-Temporal Data Using Deep Meta Learning. KDD 2019: 1720-1730
  • (13) Ibrahim Sabek, Mohamed F. Mokbel: Sya: Enabling Spatial Awareness inside Probabilistic Knowledge Base Construction. ICDE 2020: 1177-1188
  • (14) Weiyu Cheng, Yanyan Shen, Yanmin Zhu, Linpeng Huang: A Neural Attention Model for Urban Air Quality Inference: Learning the Weights of Monitoring Stations. AAAI 2018: 2151-2158
  • (15) Kay Massow, Birgit Kwella, Niko Pfeifer, Florian Hausler, Jens Pontow, Ilja Radusch, Jochen Hipp, Frank Dölitzscher, Martin Haueis: Deriving HD maps for highly automated driving from vehicular probe data. ITSC 2016: 1745-1752
  • (16) Ahram Song, Yongil Kim, Youkyung Han: Uncertainty Analysis for Object-Based Change Detection in Very High-Resolution Satellite Images Using Deep Learning Network. Remote Sensing 12(15): 2345 (2020)
Selected Articles from Encyclopedia of GIS
Reading List
Spatio-temporal Access Methods
Spatio-Temporal Access Methods: Part 2 (2003 - 2010)
Spatio-temporal access methods: a survey (2010 - 2017)
What is Human Geography?
Five Themes of Geography
Types of Regions
What is GeoInt?
Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis
What is Photogrammetry?
What is Lidar?
Tobler's First Law of Geography
Why Do People Migrate? (Push & Pull Factors)