West Coast Contributions to the Development of the General-Purpose Computer: Building Maddida and the Founding of Computer Research Corporation
The Sector: Its History, Scales, and Uses
Programming on the Univac 1: A Woman's Account
Working in the House that FACT Built
Preserving the Software Industry's Past
Command and Control, Documentation, and Library Science: The Origins of Information Science at the University of Pittsburgh
W. Stanley Jevons, Allan Marquand, and the Origins of Digital Computing
The Early Computers of Italy
Project Mercury's Man-in-Space Real-Time Computer System: "You Have a Go, at Least Seven Orbits"
The Earliest Solid-State Digital Computers
Flyable TRADIC: The First Airborne Transistorized Digital Computer
Leo Wenzel Pollak (1888-1964): Czechoslovakian Pioneer in Scientific Data Processing
Computers in Russia: Science, Education, and Industry
Computer Science in Russia: A Personal View
On the History of Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Computer Technology Development in Slovakia
A Short History of Computing in Hungary
History of Computer Developments in Romania
Computers in Belarus: Chronology of the Main Events
IBM Salesman Meets Norwegian Tax Collector: Computer Entrepreneurs in the Making
Big Blue Gets Beaten: The Technological and Political Controversy of the First Large Swedish Computerization Project in a Rhetoric of Technology Perspective
From Research Institute to Computer Company: Regnecentralen 1946-1964
Gender and Computing in Retrospect: The Case of Finland
Transformation of the Analog: The Case of the Saab BT 33 Artillery Fire Control Simulator and the Introduction of the Digital Computer as Control Technology
History in the Computing Curriculum IFIP TC3 and TC9 Join Task Group
The Atlas Computer Laboratory
The University of Manchester MU5 Project
The Influence of Programming Languages on the Design of MU5
Early Experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom
Stalking the Elusive Computer Bug
The "Last Word" on Charles Babbage
A Survey of Digital Computer Memory Systems
Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1838
Programming the EDSAC: Early Programming Activity at the University of Cambridge
The History of Fortran I, II, and III
Alternate Sources of History
Early Programs on the Manchester Mark I Prototype
Sperry Rand's Transistor Computers
Howard Aiken on the Number of Computers Needed for the Nation
The Math Tables Project of the Work Projects Administration: The Reluctant Start of the Computing Era
How to Make Zuse's Z3 a Universal Computer
From Vacuum Tubes to Very Large Scale Integration: A Personal Memoir
SEAC and the Start of Image Processing at the National Bureau of Standards
Was the IDIIOM the First Stand-Alone CAD Platform?
Early Computer Graphics Developments in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Industry
History and Technology of Computer Fonts
Graphics Remembrances
Comparison of Electrical "Engineering" of Heaviside's Times and Software "Engineering" of Our Times
Gertrude Blanch of the Mathematical Tables Project
Shaping a Technology: American Punched Card Systems 1880-1914
A Family History of Honeywell's Large-Scale Computer Systems
The Intel 4004 Microprocessor: What Constituted Invention?
Douglas Carl Engelbart: Developing the Underlying Concepts for Contemporary Computing
Economic Preconditions That Made Possible Application of Commercial Computing in the United States
Mathematics, Technology, and Trust: Formal Verification, Computer Security, and the U.S. Military
Early Interactions Between the Life Insurance and Computer Industries: The Prudential's Edmund C. Berkeley
Konrad Zuse's Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3
Konrad Zuse's Plankalkül: The First High-Level, "non von Neumann" Programming Language
Before the ENIAC
Locating the Victims: The Nonrole of Punched Card Technology and Census Work
The SWAC Design Features and Operating Experience
SWAC-Standards Western Automatic Computer: The Pioneer Day Session at NCC July 1978
U.S. Technological Enthusiasm and British Technological Skepticism in the Age of the Analog Brain
Svein Rosseland and the Oslo Analyzer
Early Analog Computers in Sweden-With Examples From Chalmers University of Technology and the Swedish Aerospace Industry
Where Are We Going, Phil Morse? Changing Agendas and the Rhetoric of Obviousness in the Transformation of Computing at MIT, 1939-1957
From Digital to Analog and Back: The Ideology of Intelligent Machines in the History of the Electrical Analyzer, 1870s-1960s
On the Role of Mathematics and Mathematical Knowledge in the Invention of Vannevar Bush's Early Analog Computers
Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, An Analyst and Metaphysician
The Women of ENIAC
Women's Contributions to Early Computing at the National Bureau of Standards
Women in Computing: Historical Roles, the Perpetual Glass Ceiling, and Current Opportunities
Women's Studies and Computer Science: Their Intersection
Constructions of Gender in the History of Artificial Intelligence
First Hopper Celebration an Unqualified Success. Reprinted, with permission, Computing Research News, Sept. 1994.
Konrad Zuse, 1910-1995
Creating the Computer Industry
Commercial Applications of the Digital Computer in American Corporations, 1945-1995
Fostering a Capacity for Compromise: Business, Government, and the Stages of Innovation in American Computing
Changing Computing: The Computing Community and DARPA
"Those Who Forget the Lessons of History Are Doomed To Repeat It", or, Why I Study the History of Computing
Celebrating The Birth Of Modern Computing: The Fiftieth Anniversary of a Discovery At The Moore School of Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania
The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
Exploring the Architecture of an Early Machine: The Historical Relevance of the ENIAC Machine Architecture
J. Presper Eckert
As the Twig is Bent: The Early Life of John Mauchly
The ENIAC, the Verb "to program" and the Emergence of Digital Computers
Calculators
Charles Babbage Institute Director's Column
Computer Society Celebrates 50 Years
On 'Babbage and Kings' and 'How Sausage Was Made': And Now for the Rest of the Story
The Rise and Fall of the General Electric Corporation Computer Department
General Electric Enters the Computer Business-Revisited
The Core of the Black Canyon Computer Corporation
Developing a Common Machine Language for Banking: The ABA Technical Subcommittee Story
The Role of ARPA in the Development of the ARPANET, 1961-1972
John V. Atanasoff, 1903-1995
J. Presper Eckert, 1919-1995
The Automation of Proof: A Historical and Sociological Exploration
Sabre: The Development of Information-Based Competence and Execution of Information-Based Competition
Lock-in and the Costs of Switching Mainframe Computer Vendors in the US Federal Government in the 1970s
History of the Journal Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation, 1959-1965
Caught Between Historical Experience and High Hopes: Automation at the Dutch Postal Cheque and Clearing Service, 1950-1965
Computers and Industrial Organization: Early Sources of 'Just in Time' Production in the Dutch Steel Industry
The Way to the First Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator: The 1935 DEHOMAG D 11 Tabulator
'Prestige Luster' and 'Snow-Balling Effects': IBM's Development of Computer Time-Sharing
Pioneering Work in the Field of Computer Process Control
Development of the IBM 1500 Computer-Assisted Instructional System
50 Years After Breaking the Codes: Interviews with Two of the Bletchley Park Scientists
New Ways of Multiplying
Control Data Corporation: The Norris Era
Special Issue on Programming Languages
The Origins of Computer Programming
The Early History of REXX
Compiling SIMULA: A Historical Study of Technological Genesis
A History of Data-Flow Languages
Arming American Scientists: NSF and the Provision of Scientific Computing Facilities for Universities, 1950-1973
Charles Babbage and the Assurance of Lives
The Number Factory: Punched-Card Machines at the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics
Locating the Victim: An Overview of Census-Taking, Tabulation Technology, and Persecution in Nazi Germany
The Origin of Computer Graphics within General Motors
90th Birthday Wishes to George Robert Stibitz
UTEC and Ferut: The University of Toronto's Computation Centre
Development of Systems Software for the Ferut Computer at the University of Toronto, 1952 to 1955
From DATAR to the FP-6000: Technological Change in a Canadian Industrial Context
ReserVec: Trans-Canada Air Lines' Computerized Reservation System
Dirty Gertie: The DRTE Computer
S.A. Lebedev and the Birth of Soviet Computing
ENIAC-A Problem Solver
The Social Limits of Speed: The Development and Use of Supercomputers
The Reservisor Automated Airline
Reservation System: Combining Communications and Computing
Alwin Walther (1898-1967)
Manufacturing the ERMA Banking System: Lessons from History
First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC
Solidac: An Early Minicomputer for Teaching Purposes
Birthday Wishes to Maurice V. Wilkes
The Manchester Heritage
The Beginnings of the Manchester Computer Phenomenon: People and Influences
Interview with Tom Kilburn
Alan Turing and Biology
A Manchester Computer Pioneer: Ferranti in Retrospect
Manchester Computer Architectures, 1948-1975
Institutional Change and Regeneration: A Biography of the Computer Science Department at the University of Manchester
General-Purpose Electronic Analog Computing: 1945-1965
The Mechanical Analog Computers of Hannibal Ford and William Newell
Edwin L. Harder and the Anacom: Analog Computing at Westinghouse
Atanasoff at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory
The Problems and Virtues of Oral History
The Computer as von Neumann Planned It
The Origins, Uses, and Fate of the EDVAC
Transforming an Industry Through Information Technology
The Development of the ERMA Banking System: Lessons from History
Memories of Alan Turing
More on Mechanical Delay Lines
Introduction: Computing at the University of Cambridge
The Emergence of Computing Science Research and Teaching at Cambridge, 1936-l949
The Airy Tape: An Early Chapter in the History of Debugging
Applications of the EDSAC
The EDSAC Programming Systems
The Influence of the Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory on the LEO Project
Edsac 2
Later Developments at Cambridge: Titan, Cap, and the Cambridge Ring
The Autoscritcher and the Superscritcher
Tidal Calculations in The Netherlands
Charles Babbage as an Algorithmic Thinker
Proposal for a Research and Development Program on Computer Systems
The MAC System: A Progress Report
Time-Sharing Measurement
Introduction and Overview of the Multics System
The Project MAC Interviews
Social Implications
The Computer Utility and the Community
Prolog to the Future
LEO, the Pride of Lyons
Time-Sharing at MIT: Introduction
Claims to the Term "Time-Sharing"
Chronology of Computer Activity at MIT
Reminiscences on the History of Time-Sharing
1959 Memorandum
Man-Computer Symbiosis
The Computer-A Philatelic Collection
Turning into Silicon: Further Episodes from Programming's Early Days
The WEIZAC Years (1954-1963)
A Brief History of the First Decade of SEMA
When Computers Were Human
The Invention and Development of the Hollerith Punched Card: In Commemoration of the 130th Anniversary of the Birth of Herman Hollerith and for the 100th Anniversary of Large Scale Data Processing
From Invention to Production: The Development of Punched-card Machines by F. R. Bull and K. A. Knutsen 1918-1930
Happy Birthday Mr. Babbage
Babbage's Expectations for his Engines
Pray Mr. Babbage-A character study in dramatic form
Some Early Computers for Aviators
The Influence of the Los Alamos and Livermore National Laboratories on the Development of Supercomputing
Marks on Paper: Part 2. A Historical Survey of Computer Output Printing
Factory Concepts and Practices in Software Development
Some Approaches to, and Illustrations of, Programming Language History
Guidelines for the Documentation of Segments of the History of Computing
Marks on Paper: Part 1. A Historical Survey of Computer Output Printing
The Beginnings of Computing Activities at the Atomic Energy Authority, 1952-1972
Informatics in the Defense Industry
A Look into the Future of Information Processing
Another Look into the Future of Information Processing, 20 Years Later
GRIN: The History of a Laboratory
The French Society of Computer Scientists: AFCET
Work for the Hairdressers: The Production of de Prony's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables
An Experimental Model of an Electronic Computer
Computer Science at the CNRS and in French Universities: A Gradual Institutional Recognition
Computer Sciences at the University of Grenoble
Informatics at the University of Grenoble
Programming in Grenoble in the 1960s and those who Flew from the Nest
On the Beginnings of Computer Development in Poland
Three Inventors-Scenes from Early German Computing History
Specifications of Twelve Early Computers Made in France
From Gamma 2 to Gamma E.T.: The Birth of Electronic Computing at Bull
The SEA CAB 500 Computer
American Scientists and Calculating Machines - From Novelty to Commonplace
The Cellar Principle of State Transition and Storage Allocation
History of Computing in France
Louis Couffignal, 1902-1966: Informatics Pioneer in France?
The Institut Blaise-Pascal (1946-1969) from Couffignal's Machine to Artificial Intelligence
An Adventure with a Sad Ending: The SEA
Bull: A World-Wide Company Born in Europe
IBM France
The Computer and the Brain
Discussion: John von Neumann - A Case Study of Scientific Creativity
John von Neumann: Formative Years
Interviews with Edward Teller and Eugene P. Wigner
John von Neumann Reconsidered
The von Neumann-Ortvay Connection
John von Neumann's Contributions to Computing and Computer Science
The Computer and the Brain Revisited
The National Applied Mathematics Laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards
MGDPs and DSDPS-Two Stages of an Early Operating System
Quotron II: An Early Multiprogrammed Multiprocessor for the Communication of Stock Market Data
Microcomputer History and Prehistory - An Archaeological Beginning
Early Computing and Numerical Analysis at the National Bureau of Standards
The National Applied Mathematics Laboratories-A Prospectus
The Program of a Large Computation Center
The Program of a Large Computation Center
Electronics Technology and Computer Science, 1940-1975: A Coevolution
A Historical Overview of Computer Architecture
A Microcosm of Computer History
Charles Babbage's Table of Logarithms (1827)
Babbage and Aiken
Douglas Hartree and Early Computations in Quantum Mechanics
The History of Computing in the History of Technology
The UNIVAC SHORT CODE
Thirty Years of Computer Science Developments in the People's Republic of China: 1956-1985
The Promptuary Papers
Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)
The 20th Anniversary Meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery: 30 August 1967
The Education of a Computer
Babbage and Bowditch: A Transatlantic Connection
An Annotated Bibliography of Secondary Sources on the History of Software
The Evolution of Babbage's Calculating Engines
MOBIDIC and Fieldata
The Wiener Memorandum on the Mechanical Solution of Partial Differential Equations
Prologue: The Burroughs B 5000
Announcing the B 5000
A New Approach to the Functional Design of a Digital Computer
Design of the B 5000 System
Operating System for the B 5000
Automated Secondary Storage Management
Discussion: The Burroughs B 5000 in Retrospect
Origins and Development of Nomography
Alwin Walther, IPM, and the Development of Calculator/Computer Technology in Germany, 1930-1945
International Diffusion of Computer Technology, 1945-1955
Clifford Edward Berry, 1918-1963: His Role in Early Computers
Clifford Edward Berry, 1918-1963: His Role in Early Computers
Reflections on a Quarter-Century: AFIPS Founders
Harry H. Goode, June 30, 1909-October 30, 1960
Personal Recollections on the First Quarter-Century of AFIPS
Why AFIPS Invested in History
Perspectives on a Quarter-Century: AFIPS Presidents
AFIPS in Retrospect
The Genesis of Microprogramming
Marketing the Monster: Advertising Computer Technology
Early Transistor Computers in Japan
System/360: A Retrospective View
The Start of IFIP-Personal Recollections
IBM Letter #4396
Engineering: Editor's Note
The SSEC and Its Carry-Over Effects on the IBM Type 650
The IBM Magnetic Drum Calculator Type 650
The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator
The IBM 650 and the Woodenwheel
"Optimum Programming" from IBM 650 Manual of Operation
Universities: Editor's Note
The IBM 650 and the Universities
A Computer for Carnegie
Two Thousand Words and Two Thousand Ideas-The 650 at Carnegie
Information Processing Language V on the IBM 650
The IBM 650: An Appreciation from the Field
GAT: An Early Compiler and Operating System
Educational Experience with the IBM 650
Programming Aids and Applications: Editor's Note
Computation Seminar, August 1955
Nearly 650 Memories of the 650
FORTRANSIT Recollections
Wolontis-Bell Interpreter
The IBM MDDPM-Some Recollections of a Great Machine
The IBM at Savannah River
The Solution of Simultaneous Equations
Brief Summary of the Early History of COBOL
Reminiscences (Plus a Few Facts)
Early Meetings of the Conference on Data Systems Languages
Recollections on the Intermediate-Range Committee
Meetings of the Intermediate-Range Committee
Summary of Changes in COBOL, 1960-1985
The Relationship Between COBOL and Computer Science
How the SAGE Development Began
Helmut Hoelzer's Fully Electronic Analog Computer
A Course in the History of Computation
Data Processing Digest: Thirty Years Before the Masthead
Minutes of 1947 Patent Conference, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania
The Scientific Conceptualization of Information: A Survey
A Note on Early Monte Carlo Computations and Scientific Meetings
The Federal Computing Machine Program
Jonathan Swift's Computing Invention
The Number 2-B Regrettor
Eulogy: Dov Chevion, 1917-1983
NASA's Manned Spacecraft Computers
Christopher Strachey, 1916-1975: A Biographical Note
On the History of the Minimum Spanning Tree Problem
Who Was the Mysterious Countess?
Comment on the Review of IBM Journal
History of Computers in Canada
Eulogy: Niels Ivar Bech, 1920-1975
Eulogy: Alfred Tarski, 1901-1983
Highlights of the History of the Lambda-Calculus
From ACE to the G-15
Automation, 1955: A Retrospective
A Survey of Russian Approaches to Perebor (Brute-Force Searches) Algorithms
A Note on Our Fifth Anniversary
Advent of Electronic Digital Computing
The Discovery of Linear Programming
History of Mathematical Programming Systems
Eulogy: Walter W. Jacobs, 1914-1982
The Genesis of an Early Stored-Program Computer: CSIRAC
John Mauchly's Early Years
An Early Program Proof by Alan Turing
The SPREAD Discussion Continued
Pioneer Day, 1982
Early Computers and Computing Institutions
Early FORTRAN User Experience
IBM FORTRAN Exhibit and Film
An Annotated Bibliography of FORTRAN
FORTRAN Anecdotes
SAGE Overview
SAGE-A Data Processing System for Air Defense
History of the Design of the SAGE Computer-The AN/FSQ-7
Production of Large Computer Programs
The Cape Cod System
Radar Data Transmission
A Perspective on SAGE: Discussion
Reliability of Components
SAGE at North Bay
John R. Pasta, 1918-1981-An Unusual Path Toward Computer Science
The Design of Colossus (foreword by Howard Campaigne)
The Making of Colossus
The Installation and Maintenance of Colossus
Babbage's Letter to Quetelet, May 1835
The Logical-Numerical System of Inca Quipus
From Napier to Lucas: The Use of Napier's Bones in Calculating Instruments
Conversation: Jay W. Forrester
Preliminary Planning for the 701
Letter from L.H. LaMotte, May 21, 1952
The 701 Project as Seen by Its Chief Architect
Remarks on Assemblers
701 Recollections
Activities of the Applied Science Mathematical Committee on the 701
A Tracing Program Subordinate to the Given Program
Further Developments in Assembly Programs
Computer Programs Produced by the Planning Group
The One-Card Binary Loader for the IBM 701
IBM Speedcoding System (from IBM Manual)
Los Angeles Cooperative Compiler Project Policy Committee Minutes
The Numerical Solution of a Partial Differential on the IBM Type 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine
Installation of the First Production 701
Recollections of the Technical Computing Bureau
1954 Letters
Report of 10/18/51 Conference on Checking with von Neumann
Front Page of the April 1953 IBM Record
Speeches by J. Robert Oppenheimer and Thomas J. Watson, Jr.
IBM Classes for Customers
Principles of Operation: Type 701 and Associated Equipment (from IBM manual)
701 Installation in the West
The IBM 701 -Marketing and Customer Relations
The 701 in the Washington Federal District
Recollections
Recollections
1. The 701 in the IBM Technical Computing Bureau
2 & 13. Computing at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory with the 701
Recollections of the 701 at Los Alamos
Los Alamos Coding System and Assembly Program for the IBM 701
Los Alamos Debugging Programs and Techniques as Used on the IBM 701
Dual Coding System (Los Alamos Manual)
3 & 18. The 701 Installation at Lockheed Aircraft
4. NSA's Defense Calculator, 1952-1953
5. The 701 at Douglas, Santa Monica
Computing Engineering Manual (Douglas Aircraft Company)
6. The 701 at General Electric
7. The 701 at Convair, Fort Worth, Editor's Note
8. The 701 at the U.S. Navy China Lake Installation, Inyokern, California
9. The 701 at United Aircraft, Editor's Note
10. The 701 at North American Aviation
11. The Defense Calculator at the Rand Corporation
12. First Encounter with the 701 (for Boeing Aircraft)
14. The 701 at Douglas, El Segundo
15. U.S. Naval Aviation Supply, Editor's Note
16. The 701 at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
17. The IBM 701 Computer at the General Motors Research Laboratories
19. The 701 at the U.S. Weather Bureau, Editor's Note
Recollections of the 701A
Introduction to the SPREAD Report
Processor Products-Final Report of the SPREAD Task Group, December 28, 1961
Discussion of the SPREAD Report, June 23, 1982
The Heritage of Charles Babbage in Australasia
A Mysterious Advertisement
Conversation: J.M.M. Pinkerton
Algorithmic Perfection
The IBM 7080
The SSEC in Historical Perspective
A Large-Scale, General-Purpose Electronic Digital Calculator: The SSEC
From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush
Work and Tools
Early Computing at Los Alamos
Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1838
Electrical Computers for Fire Control
Mauchly: Unpublished Remarks
Victor Mikhaylovich Glushkov, 1923-1982
The Computing Program of the Office of Naval Research, 1946-1953
The Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955)
Automatic Computing Machinery
George A. Philbrick and Polyphemus: The First Electronic Training Simulator
E.G. Andrews, 1898-l980
The Conception and Development of Parallel Processors: A Personal Memoir
Early Computer Developments in Madrid
JOSS: Conversational Computing for the Nonprogrammer
Jule G. Charney, 1917-1981
First General-Purpose Electronic Computer
Pioneer Day 1981: UNIVAC I
How Polish Mathematicians Broke the Enigma Cipher
The Scientific Library of Charles Babbage
The Early Computers of Konrad Zuse, 1935 to 1945
The Principles of Large-Scale Computing Machines
The NORC and Problems in High-Speed Computing
The Design of a Control Unit-Reflections on Reading Babbage's Notebooks
The Early Years of Programming in Switzerland
Programming the Pilot ACE: Early Programming Activity at the National Physics Laboratory
Early Computers at IBM
Anecdotes: IBM 701
Harold Locke Hazen, 1901-1980
Formal Languages: Origins and Directions
Observations About the Development of Theoretical Computer Science
Origins of Recursive Function Theory