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Computer Science II " Lecture 9O =D More about classes: ConstructorsWagner Truppel Lecturer, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering UC Riverside wagner@cs.ucr.edu http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~wagner http://www.cs.ucr.edu/cs12O  O`a~(Recall this example&  class Point { private: int x; int y; public: Point(int ax, int ay); // this is a constructor int getX(); // this is an accessor function int getY(); // this is an accessor function void setX(int ax); // this is a mutator function void setY(int ay); // this is a mutator function };Z ZZZZZ $         $    *    *                ConstructorsSpecial kind of member function Used to initialize member variables More generally, used to initialize the state of the object being created Automatically invoked when declaring a class variable (an object of the class) Must have the same name as the class they re defined for No return type (not even void) You can have more than one Not invoked like other functions (more on this later)  KlI3.Declaring constructors&  class Point { private: int x; int y; public: Point(int ax, int ay); // this is a constructor int getX(); // this is an accessor function int getY(); // this is an accessor function void setX(int ax); // this is a mutator function void setY(int ay); // this is a mutator function };             $    *    *               .Declaring constructors&   ,Defining constructors& Somewhere on the same file, after the class declaration 2 ways to declare a constructor: Point::Point(int ax, int ay) { x = ax; y = ay; // we could now verify the input } Point::Point(int ax, int ay) : x(ax), y(ay) { // this body does not have to be empty ! // we can use it to verify the input } The second one is considered preferable (it s more efficient)@ZZZ2ZZZ.ZNZZ?ZY 2   "      9  >tg: e>!,Defining constructors&  ",Invoking constructors& bImplicitly: Point corner(3, 7); DayOfYear holiday(2, 17); Explicitly: Looks like a regular call to a function returning a value. Looks are deceiving& Point corner = Point(3, 7); DayOfYear holiday = DayOfYear(2, 17); Watch out& Point corner; // also calls a constructor ! DayOfYear holiday; // same here&  /  M /  M  P   A #,Invoking constructors& %Recall that int x; declares the variable x, allocates space for it, but does not set its value Object declaration is similar Point p; declares p as an object of class Point, allocates space for it, but also calls a constructor But which constructor? We only defined one and it takes arguments~ #. C $,Invoking constructors& :Object declaration is similar Point p; declares p as an object of class Point, allocates space for it, but also invokes a constructor But which constructor? We only defined one and it takes arguments The invoked constructor is Point() But we didn t define it, so the compiler complainsV C3%,Invoking constructors& The no-argument constructor is called the default constructor If you don t define any constructor for your class, the compiler automatically creates one for you - the default constructor But if you do define any constructor, the compiler will not create the default for you In such a case, declaring an object as in Point p; is an error (unless one of the constructors you defined is the default)  F=&,Invoking constructors& 2What if you do define the no-argument constructor? How do you invoke it? DayOfYear today; DayOfYear today = DayOfYear(); Compare with DayOfYear today(2, 11); DayOfYear today = DayOfYear(2, 11); For a good example that puts it all together, look at the BankAccount class on pp. 363-368 of the textbookvIZ2ZZ?ZkZ   I      D %'Passing objects to functions<Objects are typically  heavy (have lots of internal stuff) Better never to pass them by value but, instead, by reference (to avoid copying) But what if you don t want to change the object s internal state? Use const void drawRect(const Rectangle& rect, const Color& color)tEb (A concrete example class Rectangle { private: Point top_left; Point bottom_right; public: Rectangle(Point topL, Point botR); Point getTopLeft() const; Point getBottomRight() const; void setTopLeft(Point p); void setBottomRight(Point p); int getWidth() const; int getHeight() const; };Z Z$ ZZ ZZ $6        I          V     *A concrete exampleRectangle:: Rectangle(Point topL, Point botR) : top_left(topL), bottom_right(botR) {} Point Rectangle::getTopLeft() const { return top_left; } Point Rectangle::getBottomRight() const { return bottom_right; } void Rectangle::setTopLeft(Point p) { top_left = p; } void Rectangle::setBottomRight(Point p) { bottom_right = p; } int Rectangle::getWidth() const // assuming x grows to the right { return (bottom_right.x - top_left.x); } int Rectangle::getHeight() const // assuming y grows downwards { return (bottom_right.y - top_left.y); }ZV  " 6 > L I   "   U Q+ Another use for constSometimes we don t want a member function of a class to change the state of the object on which it s invoked Rectangle r = Rectangle(Point(2, 3), Point(10, 17)); cout <<  Width =  << r.getWidth() << endl; <ncncP|'-"Static members"Sometimes we want to have a member variable which is shared by all objects of a given class Example: a count of how many objects have been created Such variables are not tied to any one object in particular Member variables like this are called static member variables They are a sort of global variable They must be initialized only once They must be initialized outside the class they re defined inXZ0.#Static member variables5class Connection { private: // private members public: Connection(); // default constructor static int connCount; // public just as an example // other public members }; int Connection::connCount = 0; Connection::Connection() { if (connCount > 10) ; // should raise an exception (an error) connCount++; }Z Z ZZp ZTZ+ZZ %    7    0+b9  + /$Static member variablesHow do you access them? Since they re not bound to any one object, you could access them from any object of its class: Connection conn1; // calls the default constructor cout << conn1.connCount; The preferred way, however, is to use the class name: cout << Connection::connCount; In this example, this is possible because connCount was defined as public. What if it was a private variable?wZNZ6Z ZnZw= 8   , %b 9 , :0%Static member variablesmclass Connection { private: static int connCount; // other private members public: Connection(); // default constructor static int getNumConns(); // other public members }; int Connection::connCount = 0; Connection::Connection() { if (connCount > 10) ; // should raise an exception (an error) connCount++; } int Connection::getNumConns() { return connCount; }RZ Z/ ZZW ZTZ+ZEZ  %        0+ 4"O  +   1&Static member variablesHow do you access a private static member variable? You need an accessor member function But since the variable is static, the accessor function must also be static cout << Connection::getNumConns(); You cannot access object-specific info from within a static functionlZ$ZFZ@]   HP@ 6  J,!A bit of perspectiveWhat do we gain by using well-defined classes? Self-contained components Easier to develop Easier to debug Easier to maintain Re-usable Are good representations of the world&///Psx,, g(HH(dh  ~'0j  ` www3ff` 3fff` ___>?" dF@,?n<d@uA @ " d`  n?" dd@   @@``DocumentSummaryInformation8Current User.PR   @ ` `P0p>> - 2003 WL Truppel ZCS 12: Intro. Computer Science II " Lecture 9 X( = 2  N0t2?"! :    Nt2gֳgֳ ?"  T Click to edit Master title style! !<  Hpv2gֳgֳ ?"`  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  NPu2gֳgֳ ?"`p  Z*    Nx2gֳgֳ ?"`   \*     N0w2gֳgֳ ?"`@  \*   N  6n޽h? ? www3ff $Blank Presentation1  - 2003 WL Truppel ZCS 12: Intro. 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