<- back

CS 153: Project 1: Threads

Stock Nachos has an incomplete thread system. In this assignment, your job is to complete it, and then use it to solve several synchronization problems.

The first step is to read and understand the partial thread system we have written for you. This thread system implements thread fork, thread completion, and semaphores for synchronization. It also provides locks and condition variables built on top of semaphores.

After installing the Nachos distribution, run the program nachos (in the proj1 subdirectory) for a simple test of our code. Just as in Project 0, this causes the methods of nachos.threads.ThreadedKernel to be called in the order listed in threads/ThreadedKernel.java:

  1. The ThreadedKernel constructor is invoked to create the Nachos kernel.
  2. This kernel is initialized with initialize().
  3. This kernel is tested with selfTest().
  4. This kernel is finally "run" with run(). For now, run() does nothing, since our kernel is not yet able to run user programs.

Your session should match the following: 

$ cd nachos/proj1
$ make
$ ./../bin/nachos
nachos 5.0j initializing... config interrupt timer user-check grader
*** thread 0 looped 0 times
*** thread 1 looped 0 times
*** thread 0 looped 1 times
*** thread 1 looped 1 times
*** thread 0 looped 2 times
*** thread 1 looped 2 times
*** thread 0 looped 3 times
*** thread 1 looped 3 times
*** thread 0 looped 4 times
*** thread 1 looped 4 times
Machine halting!

Ticks: total 2130, kernel 2130, user 0
Disk I/O: reads 0, writes 0
Console I/O: reads 0, writes 0
Paging: page faults 0, TLB misses 0
Network I/O: received 0, sent 0

Trace the execution path (by hand) for the startup test case provided. When you trace the execution path, it is helpful to keep track of the state of each thread and which procedures are on each thread's execution stack. You will notice that when one thread calls TCB.contextSwitch(), that thread stops executing, and another thread starts running. The first thing the new thread does is to return from TCB.contextSwitch(). We realize this comment will seem cryptic to you at this point, but you will understand threads once you understand why the TCB.contextSwitch() that gets called is different from the TCB.contextSwitch() that returns.

Properly synchronized code should work no matter what order the scheduler chooses to run the threads on the ready list. In other words, we should be able to put a call to KThread.yield() (causing the scheduler to choose another thread to run) anywhere in your code where interrupts are enabled, and your code should still be correct. You will be asked to write properly synchronized code as part of the later assignments, so understanding how to do this is crucial to being able to do the project.

To aid you in this, code linked in with Nachos will cause KThread.yield() to be called on your behalf in a repeatable (but sometimes unpredictable) way. Nachos code is repeatable in that if you call it repeatedly with the same arguments, it will do exactly the same thing each time. However, if you invoke "nachos -s <some-long-value>", with a different number each time, calls to KThread.yield() will be inserted at different places in the code.

You are encouraged to add new classes to your solution as you see fit; the code we provide you is not a complete skeleton for the project. Be careful to add any additional classes to the packages (directories) permitted. See the list of "do not"s below.

There should be no busy-waiting in any of your solutions to this assignment.

Your project code will be automatically graded.

Of course, there is a downside. Everything that will be tested needs to have a standard interface that the autograder can use, leaving slightly less room for you to be creative. Your code must strictly follow these interfaces (the documented *Interface classes).

Since your submissions will be processed by a program, there are some very important things you must do, as well as things you must not do.

For all of the projects in this class...

  1. Do not modify Makefile, except to add non-java source files (useful in later projects). We will be using our own Makefile. (javac automatically finds source files to compile, so we don't need you to submit Makefile).
  2. Only modify nachos.conf according to the project specifications. We will also being using our own nachos.conf file. Do not rely on any additional keys being in this file.
  3. Do not modify any classes in the nachos.machine package, the nachos.ag package, or the nachos.security package. Also do not add any classes to these packages. They will not be used during grading.
  4. Do not add any new packages to your project. All the classes you submit must reside in the packages we provide.
  5. Do not modify the API for methods that the autograder uses. This is enforced every time you run Nachos by Machine.checkUserClasses(). If an assertion fails there, you'll know you've modified an interface that needs to stay the way it was given to you.
  6. Do not directly use Java threads (the java.lang.Thread class). The Nachos security manager will not permit it. All the threads you use should be managed by TCB objects (see the documentation for nachos.machine.TCB).
  7. Do not use the synchronized keyword in any of your code. We will grep for it and reject any submission that contains it.
  8. Do not directly use Java File objects (in the java.io package). In later projects, when we start dealing with files, you will use a Nachos file system layer.
When you want to add non-java source files to your project, simply add entries to your Makefile.

In this project.

  1. The only package that we will really look at is nachos.threads, so don't add any source files to any other package.
  2. The autograder will not call ThreadedKernel.selfTest() or ThreadedKernel.run(). If there is any kernel initialization you need to do, you should finish it before ThreadedKernel.initialize() returns.
  3. There are some mandatory autograder calls in the KThread code. Leave them as they are.

Tasks:

  1. (20%) Implement KThread.join(). Note that another thread does not have to call join(), but if it is called, it must be called only once. The result of calling join() a second time on the same thread is undefined, even if the second caller is a different thread than the first caller. To clarify, the callee thread may or may not get a join call (i.e. no thread calls calleeThread.join()). Also, there is no requirement to support multiple join calls on the same thread. For example, say threads a, b, & c exist and all have references to each other. If a calls b.join() then you don't need to support the case where c also calls b.join(). A thread must finish executing normally whether or not it is joined.
  2. (30%) Implement condition variables directly, by using interrupt enable and disable to provide atomicity. We have provided a sample implementation that uses semaphores; your job is to provide an equivalent implementation without directly using semaphores (you may of course still use locks, even though they indirectly use semaphores). Once you are done, you will have two alternative implementations that provide the exact same functionality. Your second implementation of condition variables must reside in class nachos.threads.Condition2.

    Note: there are subtleties here! Make sure you exactly understand all the design choices in the provided implementation.

  3. (20%) Complete the implementation of the Alarm class, by implementing the waitUntil(long x) method. A thread calls waitUntil to suspend its own execution until time has advanced to at least now + x. This is useful for threads that operate in real-time, for example, for blinking the cursor once per second. There is no requirement that threads start running immediately after waking up; just put them on the ready queue in the timer interrupt handler after they have waited for at least the right amount of time. Do not fork any additional threads to implement waitUntil(); you need only modify waitUntil() and the timer interrupt handler. waitUntil is not limited to one thread; any number of threads may call it and be suspended at any one time. Note however that only one instance of Alarm may exist at a time (due to a limitation of Nachos).
  4. (30%) Implement synchronous send and receive of one word messages (also known as Ada-style rendezvous), using condition variables (don't use semaphores!). Implement the Communicator class with operations, void speak(int word) and int listen().

    speak() atomically waits until listen() is called on the same Communicator object, and then transfers the word over to listen(). Once the transfer is made, both can return. Similarly, listen() waits until speak() is called, at which point the transfer is made, and both can return (listen() returns the word). Your solution should work even if there are multiple speakers and listeners for the same Communicator (note: this is equivalent to a zero-length bounded buffer; since the buffer has no room, the producer and consumer must interact directly, requiring that they wait for one another). In this case, a message is still passed between one speaker and one listener -- the other visitors are queued. Note that there exists a very simple implementation using exactly one lock! If you have more, you should wonder..

Code Submission:

As with all projects, you will submit it using iLearn. For this project, you are to work in groups of 2.

Be sure to include a README file containing the names, student ids and email addresses of both members of the group.

Due Date: May 3rd, 2011

Hints